Folia Veterinaria / 1998
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FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S9—S11, 1998
COMPLEX (BIOLOGICO-PHYSICO-CHEMICAL) LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Shepelev, Ye. Ya., †Meleshko, G. I. State Scientific Centre — Institute for Biomedical Problems, 76A Khoroshevskoye shosse, Moscow 123007, Russia
Scientific investigation of the regenerative life support system has been going on already for the fourth decade. Presently, it has been worked out in two directions independent of each other — physico-chemical and biological. At that time it seemed that "under the roof" of non-regenerative systems based on stores, the regenerative systems would be formed, first physico-chemical and then under their "roof" also biological. By the eighties, the ground-based experimental models of biological life support systems (BLSS), involving humans, were developed and tested in our country. The regeneration of almost 90 % of the substances consumed by man, including also partially food, was realized in them. They showed the capability of a relatively independent existence and function on the basis of their own internal mechanisms of self-regulation at ensuring the external physical conditions — lighting, temperature, pressure, i.e. the normal conditions of the ground environment. During that time within the physico-chemical field, the individual methods and technologies of oxygen and water regeneration and atmosphere cleaning were developed, which as subsystems have become a part of the real life support systems for cosmic objects, e.g. the orbital complex MIR. However, neither in our country nor abroad, these individual technologies were developed as the homogenous system for atmosphere and water regeneration, which would be able to become the basis of the life support systems for cosmic transport means in future. Now, it has to be understood from this empirical fact that our planet has become habitable for all forms of life only due to common activities of plants, microorganisms and animals living on it. This is the basic conclusion following from the teaching of V. I. V e r n a d s k y about biosphere. And from this it directly follows that regeneration of the environment for habitation, which according to its primary origin, is fully possible only by the same natural mechanisms that formed and has been forming it, as far as there is life on the Earth. Thus, biogenity of the environment for habitation conditions its evident biological full-value, i.e. suitability for the organism existence in it without any time limit in great numbers of generations. The thesis on the biological full-value of the biogenic environment for habitation was pronounced more than a quarter of the century ago (G a z e n k o and S h e p e l e v, 1972). Later, it was elaborated in details within the theory of habitability of perspective cosmic objects in the work of G a z e n k o et al. (1990). All the above-mentioned create a theoretical basis of the principal advantage of the BLSS as an inevitable future of cosmonautics. However, realization of the biological system expects its sufficient development, i.e. an inevitable heterogeneity of plants, animals and microbial components of the system which make it to be able for the long-term stable existence in the state of dynamic balance on the basis of internal mechanisms of self-regulation. Such a system in its essence is functionally similar to the natural ecosystems. It is evident that realization of these systems in the near future is little probable due to a great number of substantial limitations. One of them is great volume, and consequently great weight. The essence of this limitation is well-shown in the example of so-called ecological pyramid of the simplest foodstuff chains. E.g. meat of 4.5 bulls is necessary for ensuring the yearly nutrition of a young man weighing 47 kg. Feeding these bulls requires the lucerne crop area of 4 ha. The ratio of the weight of a primary consumer (man) to his foodstuff source and plant source of his existence is 1 : 10 : 100 (O d u m, 1975). This ratio is also preserved at calculation of the energy demand (losses) in each stage of this pyramid, including solar energy consumed per a plant item of this hypothetical ecosystem. Just here, there is a basic energy limitation for realization of the biological life support systems at the present system of ensuring the energy for cosmic ships and stations and their closest future followers. The light energy for the "entering" photosynthesizing item of the BLSS is obtained by means of semiconducting solar batteries changing the light energy to electrical with the efficiency only a bit higher than 10 %. In addition for the cosmic green-house, it changes again to the light energy which is suitable for plants with a similar efficiency. Owing to it, plants obtain only about 1 % of the caught solar energy, what is much more less than that obtained directly on the Earth. At last, at such a "barbarous" scheme of plant supply with light — this decisive entering element of the BLSS —, it is pointless to take account of the realization of biological life support systems, while a direct utilization of the light solar energy would not be possible. Therefore, the physico-chemical life support system seemed to be more perspective. Of course, without ensuring foodstuffs, — which is a significant basis of whatever life support system —, however, with oxygen and water regeneration, i.e. the basic material component of substances consumed by man. A long time ago, such ways had been developed, reasoned, and the individual physico-chemical technologies of water regeneration from the products, containing water, of the life activities of man experimentally tested. These technologies have been constructionally realized and have become a part of the real life support systems of the orbital complex MIR. However, realization of the water electrolysis for obtaining oxygen often meets the interests of other consumers of limited electrical energy. As a result of it, these tested technologies have not worked in full compass yet. But the greatest significance consists in the fact that individual physico-chemical technologies have not formed the uniform functionally closed physico-chemical life support system for the man metabolism in the isolated space. This possibility has not been investigated theoretically, because the animal metabolism cannot be limited on its own account. Thus, the impasse arose in the problem of the life support systems: On the one hand, biological life support systems this inevitable future of cosmonautics have still belonged to the future. The above-mentioned limitations for realization of this sort of systems cannot be overcome within the existing state of cosmic techniques. On the other hand, the physico-chemical life support systems, although partially realized, are not able in substance to support the man life at the long-term breaking away from the ground biosphere. It is possible that just this impasse has generated the idea to create the complex (mixed) biologico-physico-chemical life support systems, which would be able to solve this problem. Recently, this idea has attracted attention of most of those who develop life support systems as in our country as abroad (G a z e n k o et al., 1990). However, any experiments to reveal their essence, to determine any principles of connecting so various processes are not known. At that, such primitive conception may be met, too that if e.g. the technologies of physico-chemical oxygen regeneration and a green-house with plants are simultaneously present in the life support systems, then, this will be a complex (mixed) life support system. Here, it is suitable to make more accurate the content of the notion "system" itself. In the real usage, this term became unmarked. The whole complex of life support systems (it corresponds to the term of so-called "great systems") as well as whatever of its components is termed system. Recently in this field of terminology, G u z e n b e r g (1994) has used a natural approach. He kept the term "system" for the general life support system and all components forming this system termed with descended terms — subsystem, block, knot and aggregate. The idea of functional connecting of processes of various character (physical, chemical and biological) in itself remains non-constructive, although these are fully connected together in any organism; but till now it does not suggest the principles of this connection, because the components of such connection may be shown as incompatible. Now, for such complementation we have on the one hand, functionally unconnected set of subsystems, blocks and knots termed as physico-chemical system, and on the other hand, many times approved BLSS models with a substantial volume of regeneration of the substances consumed by man, including foodstuffs. It seems very logical that complex life support systems have to be form on the basis of any basic model of the life support systems with maximal volume of regenerative functions. Physico-chemical life support system cannot be such a basis, plainly because of its missing as a system as in our country as abroad. However, even the simplest models of BLSS created and tested in our country can be such basic models (M e l e- s h k o and S h e p e l e v, 1988). Now, there is a question: which of up to now designed or already used physico-chemical subsystems or technologies can be connected with the basic biological system. Here, it is necessary to differentiate physico-chemical subsystems and technologies, which do not change the chemical structure of the substances circulating in the life support systems (e. g., evaporation, condensation, sorption-desorption, sedimentation and others) and those changing this structure (electrolytic degradation, heat destruction, oxidative destruction). Thus, if the basic biological system is fully connected with physico-chemical, then introduction of destructive processes into the biological basis can only decrease the functional possibilities of the complex system as a whole. For evaluation of the principal compatibility of the biological basis of life support systems with physico-chemical subsystems, it is enough to examine the principle of this basis, which is involved into the general empiric formula of the basic mass exchange being universal for all nature on the Earth:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light® C6H12O6 + 6 O2 In this "general empiric formula", the process of plant photosynthesis is reflected with formation of organic compound and free oxygen (arrow to the right) and the opposite process of acquiring the organic compound and oxygen by heterotrophic organisms with releasing carbon dioxide and water (arrow to the left). These processes in organisms as well as in natural ecosystems are internally balanced and do not need any operation from outside. Based upon this formula, results of connecting the physico-chemical subsystems with the destructive technology to the basic biological system can be predicted. E.g., if the function of oxygen regeneration is divided to two halves — a) the basic (biological) system and b) physico-chemical system of the regeneration of oxygen from carbon dioxide, then elimation of carbon dioxide from the left part of the formula will lead to the two-fold lower production of biomass in the right part. In addition, unconsumed amount of water will arise by the corresponding way in the left part of the formula as well as the problem of collection and utilization of carbon, which released from carbon dioxide. In the basic biological system, the molecule of carbon dioxide will be fully used in the process of photosynthesis. Similar problems of collection and utilization of hydrogen appear also in the case of obtaining oxygen by the water electrolysis that is eliminated from the photosynthesis process, with inevitable decrease in the system productivity, regarding biomass. Moreover, utilization of the efficient destructive processes in oxidation of organic compounds of atmosphere and water (ozone-catalytic, electrocatalytic and other processes) in the complex life support systems leads to obtaining the water, which is not suitable for life (B o y c h e n k o, 1975), as well as distilled atmosphere. That all does not correspond to the requirement of biological full-value of the environment intended to the time-unlimited habitation of man in it. And just the unlimited habitability is a final target of the habitability problem for the whole cosmonautics in future. From all what has been said it follows that connection of physico-chemical subsystems into the complex life support systems must not impair the biogenic mechanisms in the basic biological system as well as the full-value of the created environment for habitation. Therefore, efficient destructive processes of atmosphere and water cleaning "from all" above-mentioned do not have — as it seems — any perspective in the life support system in future. Despite that, the use of individual physico-chemical processes within the complex life support system has a great future, especially in the cases, when this is connected with shortening of the time needed for formation of substances in the system. For example, the time of oxygen turnover in the Earth atmosphere is according to V e r n a d s k y about 3,000 years. In one of our first models of BLSS at the air volume of 5 m3/a man, the turnover cycle of oxygen was only 15 days. The difference from duration of the natural cycle of oxygen was five orders. But such a shortening of duration of the compound turnover cycle in relatively natural life support systems is possible only for the cycles connected into a line, e.g. breathing and photosynthesis without interstages and multistage processes as in the above-presented formula of the mass exchange in biosphere. The different things are multistage processes such a mineralization of organic compounds. Here, there are processes with more stages and gradual participation of a lot of organisms from soil and water, which cannot be reproducible in the natural time gauge in insufficiently developed artificial ecosystems. Just in these cases, the methods of physico-chemical imitation of the processes, running in soil (sorption, desorption) and processes with ion exchange may be used. This, however, requires a special development of the methods respecting the biological adequacy of the employed methods and obtained result. Within a potential of the biological life support systems, the role of a relatively synchronous mineralization of organic residues is realized only by means of the substrate method of higher plant cultivation. Here, conditions for biologically adequate processes of not only mineralization, but also utilization of organic residues by plants may be created in the root microflora presence. The experiment with mineralization of wheat straw on the mineral substrate on which the wheat was grown (S h e p e l e v et al., 1983) was carried out at the Institute for Biomedical Problems in Moscow. It was shown that mineral substrate acquired the quality of fertile soil and the rate of straw mineralization, being inserted into substrate, corresponded to its reproduction rate in sowing. It is understandable that the rate of biomass production and its biological destruction is an important condition for stable function of artificial ecosystems. This seems to be very important and serious result that open possibilities to reproduce the natural processes in soil at plant growing on the substrate culture. It is specially important for green-houses on the Moon, where the soil itself is suitable for it and therefore it has a perspective to change to the own fertile soil. In conclusion, it is necessary to note that creation of the complex life support systems is inevitable and possible. It is possible on the basis of already tested models of BLSS in which internally controlling processes of reproduction of atmosphere, water and food compounds are realized. Based upon the basic BLSS, it is possible and inevitable to use such physico-chemical processes, which — without changing the chemical essence of substances circulating in this system — help to synchronize processes of photosynthesis and destruction, forming the basis of compound circulation in any ecosystem. And just in it there is the advantage of the complex life support system over modelling the natural ecosystems, where physical and chemical cycles of substance exchange are much more longer than in biological systems. It is necessary to expect that all the above-mentioned, will not be used for a certain time due to real possibilities of cosmic techniques and priorities of routine tasks. But as it seems to us, this represents a certain part of inevitable needs of future. In every case, the complex life support systems on the basis of biological systems, even if not absolutely perfect, have become perspective for the development of the life support systems in near future. As a post scriptum, it has to be mentioned that under the thorough examination of our last model of the biological life support system (algae — higher plants — mineralization; M e l e s h k o and S h e p e l e v, 1994), this model is a practical example of completization of the basic BLSS with a great number of non-destructive physical and chemical processes. Boychenko, M. M., 1975: Nauchnyje doklady vysschey schkoly. Biologicheskiye nauki, 4, 74-77.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S13—S15, 1998
PECULIARITIES OF SUPER-DWARF WHEAT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN GREENHOUSE SVET IN GROUND AND SPACE EXPERIMENTS State Scientific Center — Institute of Biomedical Problems 76A Khoroshevskoye shosse, Moscow 123007, Russia *USU Logan, Utah, USA SUMMARY Five ground experiments from 67 to 102 days in duration were staged in support of the MIR investigations of super-dwarf wheat growth and development in ontogenesis in greenhouse Svet. It was demonstrated that the conditions of plant cultivation in the Greenhouse Svet + Environmental Data System set favoured maturation of wheat plants within 90—100 days. Morphological, cyto-embryological, anatomic, and biochemical properties of plants sampled at various developmental stages were studied. In the space experiment duration of the full cycle of ontogenesis for the super-dwarf wheat plants as well as their specific stages were similar to that in numerous ground controls. We observed some significant abnormalities in the morphology of the space plants, e.g. a 3-fold increase on the average in the number of tillers, shortening of tillers by about 2 times, reduced head mass, and formation by individual cones of up to 9—11 flowers against 3—4 flowers in the ground controls. Structure of the reproductive organs in these plants also displayed distinct shifts. Harvested heads (about 280 total) were found to be sterile. Key words: super-dwarf wheat; growth; development; ground and space experiments Bennett, M. D., Hughes, W. G., 1972: Nature, 240, 566-568.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S17—S21, 1998
PECULIARITIES OF THE METABOLISM OF SUPER-DWARF WHEAT AS A MODEL OBJECT IN RESEARCH OF SPACE GREENHOUSES State Scientific Centre — Institute for Biomedical Problems 76A Khoroshevskoye shosse Moscow 123007, Russia *USU, Logan, Utah, USA; **NASA ARC, Moffett Field, Ca, USA SUMMARY One of the most important aspects of the metabolism studies of super-dwarf wheat is the exposure the quantity and quality changes in composition of different active products of biosynthesis during the initial influence of age peculiarity and environmental factors as well as microgravity. The metabolism peculiarities of wheat were studied during cultivation in the mock-up of the Greenhouse "Hydrosystem"; it was done by the different methods of root feeding, in two ground experiments in Greenhouse "Svet" during the FBI program of "Mir-Shuttle", "Mir-NASA" and flight experiment on the board of "Mir" in Greenhouse "Svet". The report presents the results of comparison of the analysis of biochemical, chemical and pigmental composition of the wheat during its growing in the experimental space greenhouse facilities. The changes in the plants metabolism are within the physiological ranges of plant growing. Key words: super-dwarf wheat; metabolism; ground experiments; flight experiment
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S21—S23, 1998
BEHAVIOUR OF JAPANESE QUAIL UNDER CONDITIONS OF WEIGHTLESSNESS Boďa, K., Solovyev, A. Y.**, Košťáľ, Ľ.*, Guryeva, T. S.***, *Sabo, V.*, Juráni, M.* Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji *Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovak Republic **The pilot-cosmonaut, Moscow, Russia ***State Scientific Centre — Institute of Biomedical Problems 76A Khoroshevskoye shosse, Moscow 123007, Russia
SUMMARY The effect of microgravitation on behaviour of the hatched chicks and adult Japanese quails was observed. In the first experiment, the sensoro-motoric and eating behaviour of hatched quails in the cabin of the space ship and after their transfer to the "Nest" was observed and described from the videorecording. The quail behaviour was uncoordinated and animals did not show any signs of adaptation to the environment. In the second experiment, behaviour of 4 adult quails during 7 days was evaluated. Behaviour of adult quails under conditions of microgravitation, fixed in the "Nest" to feed-racks was normal. Their sensoro-motoric behaviour in the cabin of the orbital station MIR was more coordinated in comparison with hatched quails. To the end of the experiment, the symptoms of adaptation to microgravitation were observed. Key words: Japanese quail; behaviour; microgravitation; adaptation Boďa, K., 1979: Technická práca, 21, 23-27.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S25—S31, 1998
LAUNCH CONDITIONS MIGHT AFFECT THE FORMATION OF BLOOD VESSELS IN THE QUAIL CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE Biology Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA *State Scientific Centre — Institute for Biomedical Problems 76A Khoroshevskoye shosse, Moscow 123007, Russia **NASA AMES Research Center, Moffet Field, CA, USA ***Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia ****Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia *****University of Wisconsin Medical School, Sinai Samaritan Medical Center Milwaukee, WI, USA
SUMMARY As a part of the first joint USA—Russian MIR/Shuttle program, fertilized quail eggs were flown on the MIR 18 mission. Post-flight examination indicated impaired survival of both the embryos in space and also of control embryos exposed to vibrational and g-forces simulating the conditions experienced during the launch of Progress 227. We hypothesized that excess mechanical forces and/or other conditions during the launch might cause abnormal development of the blood supply in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) leading to the impaired survival of the embryos. The CAM, a highly vascularized extraembryonic organ, provides for the oxygen exchange across the egg shell and is thus pivotal for proper embryonic development. To test our hypothesis, we compared angiogenesis in CAMs of eggs which were either exposed to the vibration and g-force profile simulating the conditions at launch of Progress 227 (synchronous controls), or kept under routine conditions in a laboratory incubator (laboratory controls). At various time points during incubation, the eggs were fixed in paraformaldehyde for subsequent dissection. At the time of dissection, the CAM was carefully lifted from the egg shell and examined as whole mounts by bright-field and fluorescent microscopy. The development of the vasculature (angiogenesis) was assessed from the density of blood vessels per viewing field and evaluated by computer aided image analysis. We observed a significant decrease in blood-vessel density in the synchronous controls versus "normal" laboratory controls beginning from day 10 of incubation. The decrease in vascular density was restricted to the smallest vessels only, suggesting that conditions during the launch and/or during the subsequent incubation of the eggs may affect the normal progress of angiogenesis in the CAM. Abnormal angiogenesis in the CAM might contribute to the impaired survival of the embryos observed in synchronous controls as well as in space. Key words: quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica); chorioallantoic membrane (CAM); angiogenesis; morphometry; image analysis; space flight; microgravity Ausprunk, D. H., Dethlefsen, S. M.,Higgins, E. R., 1991: Distribution of fibronectin, laminin and type IV collagen during development of blood vessels in the chick chorioallantoic membrane. In The Development of the Vascular System. Feinberg, R. N., Sherer, G. K., Auerbach, R. (Eds.), Karger, Basel, 1991, pp. 93-107.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S33—S35, 1998
DEVELOPMENT OF THE THYROID GLAND IN JAPANESE QUAIL EMBRYO INCUBATED IN MICROGRAVITY Dadasheva, O. A., Yaglov, V. V.*, Guryeva, T. S. State Scientific Center _ Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia *Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after K. I. Skryabin, Moscow, Russia
SUMMARY The studies of the thyroid gland development in Japanese quail embryos were carried out due to special mechanisms of replacement of the cartilaginous tissue by the bone one. For the first time, the observations of the thyroid gland development were performed in all stages of the prenatal ontogenesis in Japanese quail embryos developing under the conditions of microgravity. The experiment was carried out in the orbital complex MIR. Our results showed that development of the thyroid gland in both the control and experimental groups passes the same stages: trabecular and follicular. There is a slower development of the thyroid gland in the flight group in comparison with the control one. This is due to reduction of the blood flow to the microcirculatory bed of the developing thyroid gland. Key words: thyroid gland; development; Japanese quail embryo; microgravity Dewcar, E., 1978: Cellular Interactions in the Development of Animals (In Russian). Moscow, 230-234.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S37—S39, 1998
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL APPARATUS OF JAPANESE QUAIL DURING HYPODYNAMY Guryeva, T. S., Mednikova, E. I., Dadasheva, O. A., Povalko, N. B.* State Scientific Centre — Institute for Biomedical Problems 76A Khoroshevskoye shosse, Moscow 123007, Russia *Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia
SUMMARY This work is a part of a comprehensive study of the effects of microgravity on the ontogenetic development of Japanese quail. It presents experimental data on the consequences of 33-day hypodynamy for the musculoskeletal apparatus of adult birds. It was revealed that the hypodynamic conditions were unfavourable to periostal bone formation and tubular bone growth in the hind limbs of experimental birds as compared to with their vivarium controls. Reduction in the bone mass manifested itself as osteoporosis with associated losses in bone mineral density. Severity of osteoporosis varied with the functional type of bones. Insufficient functional loading of the musculoskeletal apparatus in the experimental birds also resulted in alteration of the structure of their hindlimb muscular tissue. Key words: musculoskeletal apparatus; Japanese quail; hypodynamy Bassett, C. A., 1968: Cale. tissue Research, 202-272.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S41—S44, 1998
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN M. GASTROCNEMIUS DURING HYPODYNAMY Kočišová, J., Sabo, V.*, Tomajková, E., Boďa, K.** University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenského 73, 040 81 Košice *Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji **Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia
SUMMARY The effect of hypodynamy during 9, 30, 60, and 90 days on the striated muscle m. gastrocnemius in Japanese quails was studied. Differently developed dystrophic changes of mitochondria, myofibrils and sarcotubular system were found. Changes of the studied tissue caused by hypodynamy in the first two groups (9 and 30 days hypodynamy) are the reaction to stress and developing situation. Gradually Japanese quails have come up to the influence of the hypodynamy (60 days hypodynamy). In the last experimental group, deposit changes were observed (90 days of hypodynamy). In comparison with the control group perturbations considered as non-specific, short-term and reversible were found. Key words: hypodynamy; ultrastructure; striated muscle; Japanese quail Belák, M., Kočišová, J., Boďa, K., 1977: Arch. Exp. Vet. Med., 31, 537.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S45—S48, 1998
THE EFFECT OF HYPODYNAMY ON THE CONTENT OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES IN THE FEMUR AND TIBIOTARSUS OF JAPANESE QUIALS Sviatko, P., Boďa, K.*, Sabo, V.** Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice *Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji **Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, SAS, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovak Republic
SUMMARY Based upon the evaluation of the macro and microelement contents in the femur and tibiotarsus od quails exposed to 84 days hypodynamy, it may be concluded that at the constant content of Ca in a diet, the hypodynamy had a tendency to influence negatively the Ca content in the femur and tibiotarsus of Japanese quails. As well, a decrease in egg-laying in observed quails can contribute to this effect. It can be stated that the status of 84 days lasting hypodynamy has not a significant effect on the content of P in the femur and tibiotarsus of quails. On the basis of the dynamics of Mg in bones, it can be expected that Mg from bones in the hypodynamic groups was not used for the formation of egg shells so intensively as in the control groups. Hypodynamy had a certain part in increasing the K content in bones. Like in potassium also in sodium content no significant change occurred, however, there is a tendency to an increase in the sodium content during hypodynamy. The copper content during hypodynamy did not manifest any significant changes; however there is a tendency to a decrease in the Cu content during hypodynamy. A significant decrease in the Mn content during hypodynamy testifies to a decrease of Mn utilization from a diet and indirectly to a decrease in utilization and activity of biochemical processes which are inhibited in bones under hypodynamy. Our results indicate that Zn utilization in the bones of the hypodynamic groups was less intensive than in those of the control quails. As well, both the utilization of Fe and functionality of the bone marrow are influenced negatively by more prolonged hypodynamy. The results were obtained by the analyses of the tibiotarsus and femur together. It might be expected that our results would be more significant if the bones were analyzed each individually; this way of analyses is going to be an object of our next works. Key words: macroelements; microelements; hypodynamy Boďa, K., Illek, J., Sabo, V., 1996: Acta vet. Brno, 65, 33-37.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S49—S52, 1998
THE INFLUENCE OF THE HYPODYNAMY ON THE CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS CONTENTS IN JAPANESE QUAIL'S BONES Jankela, J., Baranovská, M., Mravcová, I., Antalíková, J. Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, SAS, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovak Republic
SUMMARY The influence of the long-term hypodynamy on the calcium and phosphorus distribution in skeleton of Japanese quail was studied. The bones could be divided into 3 groups. The first group (skull and pelvis), where no changes occurred. In the second (rib and leg) the hypodynamy led to enhancement of calcium content and the third group (bones of femur and tibia) — only bone marrow was affected. The hypodynamy did not change the distribution of phosphorus. Key words: Japanese quail; bones; calcium content; hypodynamy Clunies, M., Emslie, J., Leeson, S., 1992: Poultry Science, 71, 1348-1356.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S53—S56, 1998
EFFECT OF HYPODYNAMY ON THE ORGANISM OF JAPANESE QUAIL State Scientific Centre — Institute for Biomedical Problems, 76A Khoroshevskoye shosse, Moscow 123007, Russia SUMMARY The present work is a part of a multi-sided investigation on the effects of spaceflight factors on Japanese quail ontogeny. Reported are results of experiment with 33-day hypodynamy aimed at evaluation of behavior, physiological status and reproductive function of bird. It was demonstrated that hypodynamy influences avian behavior, reduces body mass, and brings about reversible changes in the reproductive function, that is sharp halt of egg-laying by females and disorders in male spermatogenesis. Key words: spaceflight factors; Japanese quail; ontogeny Abakumova et al., 1990: Studies on the possibility of long-term maintenance of quail on formulated food in spaceflight. In Book of Abstracts, All-Union Conference on Space Biology and Aerospace Medicine, Moscow, 396.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S57—S58, 1998
PLASMA ESTRADIOL LEVELS DURING LONG-LASTING HYPODYNAMY IN JAPANESE QUAIL Výboh, P., Juráni, M., Sabo, V. Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, SAS, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovak Republic
SUMMARY The effect of long-term hypodynamy on plasma estradiol levels was studied. Adult females of Japanese quail were subjected to 84 days hypodynamy. Concentrations of estradiol after 28, 54 and 84-day hypodynamy were determined. Hypodynamy decreased estradiol levels after 28 days by about 30 % and 60 % after 84 days in comparison with control concentrations. During adaptive phase of quail organism to the stressor, the difference in estradiol level after 56 days hypodynamy was not detected against to the control. Key words: Japanese quail; hypodynamy; estradiol Boďa, K., 1993: Acta vet. Brno, 62, Suppl. 6, S91-S94.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S59—S61, 1998
EFFECT OF LONG-TERM (84-DAYS) HYPODYNAMY ON THE EFFICIENCY OF JAPANESE QUAIL Sabo, V., Chrappa, V., Boďa, K.* Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji *Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovak Republic
SUMMARY The effect of long-term hypodynamy (84 days) on the efficiency of Japanese quails was observed on the 66-day-old animals of the line resistant to hypodynamy. The quails of the control group were placed in the individual egg-laying cages. The quails of the experimental group were fixed against movement in special waistcoats. The live body weight of Japanese quails during the experiment decreased by 14.1 % in the experimental and by 2.1 % in the control groups. The differences were insignificant (P > 0.05). Feed consumption significantly decreased due to hypodynamy only on days 7 and 42 of the experiment (P < 0.01), in other periods the difference was not significant. Egg-laying was only 35 % of that in the control group. Egg weight in the experimental group was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Long-term hypodynamy did not significantly influence the strength and thickness of shell. Key words: Japanese quail; hypodynamy; efficiency Esling, S. I., 1979: Gistologicheskie issledovaniya bolshe-bertsovoj kosti. Vliyanie dynamicheskich faktorov kosmicheskogo poleta na organism zhivotnykh. Publ. House Nauka, Moskva, 157-162.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S63—S66, 1998
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF TWO LINES OF JAPANESE QUAILS IMPROVED UNDER STANDARD CONDITIONS AND HYPODYNAMY Chrappa, V., Sabo, V., Boďa, K.* Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, SAS, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji * Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovak Republic
SUMMARY Production efficiency of two lines of Japanese quails, improved under standard breeding conditions (C) and hypodynamy (S), was investigated. At the end of the experiment, hens of selected line (S) were by 4.7 % lighter (P < 0.01), but cocks heavier by 3.1 % (P < 0.05) at unchanged feed conversion and mortality. Egg-laying was by 5.7 % lower (P < 0.01); at increased egg weight by 2.9 % and partially improved feed conversion by 2 % (P < 0.05). More significant difference in the egg quality was only in a decreased index of egg yolk by 2.6 % (P < 0.05). Hatchability of the egg set and mortality of quails were approximately the same. Hens and cocks (S) at the age of 26 weeks were by 3.9 % and 3.2 % lighter, respectively (P < 0.05). Key words: performance parameters; Japanese quails; standard conditions; hypodynamy Boďa, K., Meleshko, G. J., Sabo, V., Shepelev, Ye. Ya., Guryeva, T. S., Juráni, M., Košťal, Ľ., 1991: A supplement to Physiologist, 34, 59-64.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S67—S72, 1998
EGG ROTATION DURING AVIAN EMBRYOGENESIS Hester, P. Y., Orban, J. I., Boďa, K.*, Sabo, V.** Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1026, USA *Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, Hlinkova 1/A, 040 01 Košice **Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovak Republic SUMMARY Exposing early stage chicken embryos to the space environment caused death, while chicken embryos launched into microgravity in later stages developed normally. Quail embryos have successfully completed embryogenesis in orbit, although success rate has been low compared to Earth-bond controls. Microgravity´s role in the death of the embryos will not be known until a centrifuge is employed in orbit. Since avian eggs in microgravity have not been turned, or were turned too infrequently or inappropriately, the objectives of the current ground-based study were to determine the effects of frequency and orientation of turning on embryogenesis. Quail embryo viability was not affected by incubating eggs horizontally with daily rotation (4 x) as compared to vertical orientation during incubation with hourly rotation. A decrease in frequency of egg rotation caused a concomitant linear decrease in hatchability for both quail and chicken eggs (p < 0.01). The hatchability of fertile chicken eggs was more adversely affected by lack of egg rotation than quail eggs (p < 0.05). Gas exchange and nutrient distribution may occur more readily in unturned quail eggs as compared to chicken embryos because of its smaller egg size. The distance between the settling blastoderm relative to the shell surface is shorter for quail than for chicken embryos which may increase the probability of survival for quail as opposed to chicken embryos. Key words: egg turning; axis of rotation; chicken; quail; embryo Anderson, V. L., McLean, R. A., 1974: Design of Experiments. A Realistic Approach. Marcel and Dekker, Inc., New York, NY.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S73—S77, 1998
THE EVALUATION OF MICROGRAVITY EFFECTS IN JAPANESE QUAIL BY MEANS OF THE SELFREGULATING MODEL Novák, L., Sabo, V.*, Boďa, K.** Emeritus Professor of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine MU, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic *Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji **Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovak Republic
SUMMARY The effect of a 7-day exposure of Japanese quail (65 days of age) to microgravity on board of the orbital station MIR, has been analyzed by the method of the selfregulating growth model (SGM). The results demonstrate clearly that the main cause of a deep body mass decrease 40 to 55 grams (on average to the 0.64 fraction of initial body mass) is conditioned by many factors. Among them there is not only the decrease of the feed intake in comparison to the controls, but also, mainly, the enormous increase of the energy output. The increase of the energy output is interpreted as a result of the effect of various stressing factors; they act together with the effect of microgravity. The detailed analysis of this complex of stressing factors will be the subject of further investigation. Key words: growth curve; modelling; microgravity; stressing factors; Japanese quail Boďa, K., Guryeva, T. S., Juráni, M., Sabo, V., Košťál, Ľ., Dadasheva, O. A., Kočišová, J., Jankela, J., Lauková, A., Rehák, M., Šnejdárková, M., 1991: Current Trends in Cosmic Biology and Medicine, 2, 185-200.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S79—S81, 1998
SHORT COMMUNICATION
MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF SELECTED SKELETAL STRUCTURES DURING EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED HYPODYNAMY IN JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix coturnix japonica, L., 1758) Černý, H., Boďa, K.*, Sabo, V.** University of Veterinary and Pharmacological Science, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic *Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovak Republic **Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovak Republic
SUMMARY Under conditions of experimentally induced hypodynamy, lasting 28 and 56 days, the growth ossifying cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, subchondrial bone, osteoid and ossiforming zone of ossification, cortical bone of diaphysis, spongy osseous tissue, density of trabeculae and content of intratrabecular spaces were observed. A microscopic picture of the femur and tibiotarsus in both experimental groups and in control was described and compared. After 28 days lasting hypodynamy, no deviations of the standard were found in the microscopic picture. After 56 days lasting hypodynamy, there were changes in the intensity of ossification manifesting in insufficient mineralization of the structures in ossification zones, including the developed osseous tissue, compared to the control. Key words: Japanese quail; hypodynamy; femur; tibiotarsus; ossification; mineralization
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S83—S84, 1998
SHORT COMMUNICATION
ADAPTATION OF JAPANESE QUAIL CHICKS TO THE MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT Popov, V. V., Pakhomov, A. I., Guryeva, T. S., Mednikova, E. I. State Scientific Center — Institute for Biomedical Problems, 76A Khoroshevskoye shosse, Moscow 123007, Russia
SUMMARY The equipment enabling to follow the process of adaptation to the limited space in the individual cages has been designed to get over the problems of adaptation of hatched quails to the conditions of microgravitation. In the laboratory conditions, equipments in 3 modifications were tested. In the best variant, survival from 12 to 60 % was achieved. Quails to day 10 of their life developed without changes. This equipment is taken into account for the study of adaptation of hatched quails under conditions of flight experiment. Key words: Japanese quail; microgravitation; postembryonal development; adaptation
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S85—S86, 1998
SHORT COMMUNICATION
MAGGOT BREEDING ON WASTE IN APPLICATION TO BIOLOGICAL LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS State Scientific Center — Institute for Biomedical Problems, 76A Khoroshevskoye shosse, Moscow 123007, Russia
SUMMARY A possibility to intensify the process of cultivation of fly maggots on excrements of Japanese quails was investigated. Duration of this process can be shortened from 5—6 days to 3—4 days. To cope with larvae cultivation under conditions of microgravitation, it is necessary to solve automatization of the whole technological process, to suggest the method of maggot separation from a substrate and utilization of frozen eggs for cultivation. Key words: Japanese quail; excrements; fly maggots; cultivation; microgravitation Abelová, H., Dušinský, R., Chrappa, V., Sabo, V., 1990: In "Current Trends in Cosmic Biology and Medicine", Proc. of the XXIII Int. Symp. on Cosmic Biology and Medicine within INTERCOSMOS Programme, Košice, 307-309.
FOLIA VETERINARIA, 42, Supplementum, S87—S88, 1998
SHORT COMMUNICATION
PURIFICATION OF THE GASEOUS PHASE IN BIOLOGICAL LSS BASED ON UTILIZING FILTER MEDIA WITH MICROORGANISMS Popov, V. V., Pepelyaev, Yu. V., Kuzmenko, M. V. , Nol'de, T. V. State Scientific Center — Institute for Biomedical Problems, 76A Khoroshevskoye shosse, Moscow 123007, Russia
SUMMARY The method of purification of gaseous phase of atmosphere by biofilters produced on the basis of wheat straw is presented. Ammonia, carbohydrates C1—C3, acetaldehyde, ethanol, isobutanol and formaldehyde were analysed in the experiments within 100 hours. For the use in hermetically closed objects, it is necessary to solve protection of occupied space before escape of microflora and control of parameters characterizing a stable function of microbial community in the filter filling. The presented technological system could be used in animal farms, meat industry and wood-processing industry. Key words: atmosphere; biofilter; biofilter filling; ethanol; ammonia; formaldehyde |