Based upon the experimental knowledge in the first part of the work, the principles of regulation, absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus regarding evaluation of the risk of occurrence as well as nutritional prevention of parturient paresis in dairy cows are presented.
Nutritional prevention of parturient paresis comes from the metabolic principles of homeostatic regulation of Ca and P in dairy cows in the dry period and lactation. Activity of the main calcitropic metabolites PTH and 1,25-(OH)2D is in a direct relation to Ca and P intake in feed ration. This limits the efficiency of the Ca and P absorption from the digestive tract and resorption from bones, which ensures activity of the homeostatic regulation. Analysis of the Ca and P levels in feed ration and regulation of daily intake on the level of Ca 60-80 g and P 50-60 g in interlactating cows minimizes occurrence of parturient paresis. At higher Ca and P intake, the treatment of a cation-anion difference by addition of acidifying anions (100 g NH4Cl or (NH4)2SO4 daily) reduces occurrence of parturient paresis. Evaluation of the urine pH enables an early diagnosis of both the risk of hypocalcemia and parturient paresis occurrence.
Key words: calcium; phosphorus; homeostatic regulation; metabolic load; parturient paresis; nutritional prevention
Relationships between ethology and animal welfare are discussed. Regarding veterinary medicine, health and animal welfare are synonyms. Ethology studies animal behaviour in their environment. Animal welfare is characterized by optimal saturation of their living necessaries. Bridging of these facts represents health complementarity, normal behaviour of animals, ethics and domestication as a process controlled by a man. In these connections, utilization of domesticated animals in optimal and not maximal level, whether in a sense of production, performance or reproduction, is declared. Veterinary ethology, as a criterion of animal welfare, pronouncedly participates in improving veterinary care, increasing social reputation of veterinary medicine, improving a relationship man - animal as well as in humanization of all society.
Key words: ethology; animal welfare; domestication; man
The work represents a concentrated summary of the latest knowledge of atopic dermatitis in dogs. It gives a review of opinions about the disease etiopathogenesis, emphasizes the most important parts of anamnesis, represents a variety of its clinical symptoms, deals with diagnostic methods in detail and monitors various ways of therapy of the disease, including hyposensibilization and potential prevention.
Key words: dermatites and dermatoses; dog; diagnosis and therapy of dermal diseases
Homeostasis in multicellular organisms is maintained by a balance between cellular division and cell death. Balance defects of these two processes may lead to developmental anomalies and facilitate the tumor development. There is a lot of knowledge about the control of cellular division, but less is known about cell death.
At present, cell death is not always connected with a morphological term necrosis. Long-term studies on cellular necrosis showed that morphological changes in the cytoplasm and nucleus differ in dependence on a cause of indicung the cell death.
In vertebrates, two main forms of cell death, differing morphologically and biochemically, are described. The first - necrosis has been known for a long time (about 2,000 years), and it is characterized by irreversible changes in the nucleus (karyolysis, pycnosis, kariorhexis) and in the cytoplasm (condensation and intensive eosinophilia, structure loss and fragmentation). The essence of the second form of cell death - apoptosis - despite a great development of knowledge in the basic research, has not been fully explained yet. However, it is evident that apoptosis is controlled (positively and negatively) by genes and their products that participate in regulation of cellular cycle, proliferation and differentiation.
Key words: apoptosis and necrosis; etiopathogenesis; detection and diagnosis
From the literary data it follows that there is a great amount of knowledge of cholesterol, its metabolism and its effect on health. Despite this, the present knowledge is not sufficient to solve the basic problem; it is only sufficient to decrease the health risk of cholesterol by decreasing its level in the organism.
From the view point of veterinary medicine, the tendencies, directed towards decreasing the cholesterol levels in slaughter animals and their products either by the genetic way or the change in the food ration composition, are of great importance. These efforts, however, may lead to the morphological changes in organs, which can cause an increasing frequency of disorders in animal health.
Regarding veterinary hygiene, efforts to develop and produce foodstuffs with decreased content of fat and cholesterol are of great importance, too. The methods of enzymatic conversion, extraction by the supercritical carbon dioxide, adsorption, distillation with water vapour, extraction with beta-cyclodextrin and fractional crystallization are used to reduce the cholesterol content. The next wy is utilization of such compounds in meat production that act on biosynthesis of cholesterol in a consumer or act on conversion of cholesterol to bile acids and excretion from the organism.
Key words: cholesterol; atherosclerosis; lipoproteins
The HACCP system is based upon a detailed analysis of the tested technological process in order to determine the main a potential sources of contamination and to standardize critical control points.
During the technological process at production of smoked poultry products, the basic raw material (slaughterously processed poultry) appears to be a main source of contamination. Some side raw materials, ingredients and subsidiary substances (especially pork offal, spice mixtures and garlic paste), packagings as well as working environment, including a human factor may be a potential source of contamination.
Application of the HACCP system can standardize those stages of the technological process that influence, to a decisive extent, hygienic quality and health harmlessness of final poultry products. So-called absolute (effective) defence or total elimination of danger (CCP1) is ensured by sufficient heat treatment with subsequent chilling. A partial danger elimination (CCP2) may be reached by keeping the hygienic principles at thawing of raw material, its machine deboning (mechanical separation), mixing as well as during storage of final products in the plant before their distribution to the market.
Key words: smoked poultry products; Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) system
Concentrations of serum calcium and phosphorus were investigated in dependence on the dynamics of T4 and T3 in the ewes treated with oxytocin (Depotocin) 24 and 72 hours post partum (p. p.) out of season. Observations were performed from h 12 p. p. to d 51 p. p. Results were compared to the initial values (h 12) and to the control group. Concentrations of T4 and T3 in the control ewes had a decreasing tendency to d 21 p. p.; and from d 25 to 51 p. p. an increasing one. A decrease in T3 on d 21 p. p. compared to h 12 was significant (P < 0.05). In the experimental ewes an insignificant increase in T4 was observed from d 7 to 17; and from d 21 to 51 there was a significant decrease in its concentration compared to h 12 and control on d 51 p. p. (P < 0.01, P < 0.01). Concentration of T3 in the experimental group showed higher values in comparison to the controls. The differences were significant on d 4, 17, 25 (P < 0.05) and d 21 (P < 0.01) p. p. Concentration of T3 in the experimental group had a tendency to a slight increase compared to the decreasing concentration of serum Ca in the controls being significant in comparison to h 12 and d 4, 14, 17, 25, 34 (P < 0.05) and d 21 (P < 0.01) p. p. The increase on d 21 p. p. was significant (P < 0.01) compared to the controls. Concentration of inorganic P had predominantly an increaisng tendency in both groups after h 12 p. p. The values of its concentration in the experimental group, with the exception of d 42 p. p., were higher in comparison to the controls; on d 4, 14, 34 (P < 0.05), 17, 21 and 51 (P < 0.01) significantly higher.
The structure of sperm heads in abnormal spermatids and sperm of cock, drake and gander was observed electronmicroscopically. The most frequent deformity of the head shape was its round form with markedly condensed chromatin of coarsegranular appearance. A frequent occurrence of vacuoles usually filled with homogenous electronoptical little dense material was found in the nucleus of abnormal spermatids and sperms. The shape deformities of the nucleus are accompanied also with structural and shape changes upon an acrosome. There were often changes in the wall thickness as well as presence of other structures in it. The head deformities of spermatids and sperms were most frequently observed in seasonal species - drakes and ganders, while in cocks these changes were observed sporadically.
Key words: spermatids and sperms; head defects; ultrastructure; poultry