Territo-administrative arrangement of SR and institutions of veterinary service
(Územnosprávne usporiadanie SR a orgány veterinárnej služby) [3]
The syndrom of hypothermia and starvation in lambs and goatlings
(Syndróm hypotermie a hladovania u jahniat a kozliat) [5]
Analysis of the present veterinary care in calf breedings in SR
(Veterinárna starostlivosť v chovoch teliat) [9]
Inflammatory diseases of the umbilicus in calves - diagnosis and prognosis
(Diagnóza a prognóza zápalových ochorení pupka teliat na základe klinického vyšetrenia) [14]
Physiological requirements for cat nutrition in various stages of the life cycle
(Fyziologické požiadavky na výživu mačiek v rôznych štádiách životného cyklu) [20]
Principles of practical nutrition and feeding of cats
(Zásady praktickej výživy a kŕmenia mačiek) [25]
Aeromonas species as a potential pathogen in foodstuffs
(Rod Aeromonas ako potenciálny patogén v potravinách) [31]
Histamine as a parameter of the quality of imported fish meat
(Histamín ako ukazovateľ kvality dovážaného rybieho mäsa) [35]
Dermal fibropapillomas in cattle - immunity and regression
(Kožné fibropapilómy u hovädzieho dobytka - imunita a regresia) [39]
Parturition period in ewes and their experimental energetic fortification
(Pôrodné obdobie bahníc a ich experimentálna energetická fortifikácia) [45]
The syndrom of hypothermia and starvation in lambs and goatlings.
Our work deals with the present knowledge on the syndrom of hypothermia and starvation as a dominant factor of perinatal losses in lambs and goatlings. The predisposition effects from the side of mothers and youngs influencing the syndrom development are described. The 5th hour of the life is the most critical period for the syndrom of hypothermia and starvation occurrence. Clinical diagnostic of the syndrom is based on the judgement of animal behaviour, rectal temperature; in laboratory examination, it is the concentration of glucose and lactate in the blood plasma or serum. Patho-anatomical examination of lambs and goatlings died due to hypothermia and starvation is aimed at the judgement of colour, consistency, amount of body fat and edema of the limb distal parts. For prevention of the syndrom of hypothermia and starvation, it is very important to ensure sufficient amount of the colostrum and optimal zoohygienic conditions.
Key words: lambs; goatlings; perinatal losses; syndrom of hypothermia and starvation
Analysis of the present veterinary care in calves breedings in SR.
The present situation in the breedings of calves is presented from the view point of a social need and people nutrition. We point to a high loss-rate of calves and a role of the state within market conditions. A rational way of nutrition in calves as well as a breeding technology are proposed. The concept of veterinary care for calves is analyzed and the need of monitoring performed by both the agricultural farms and government department is emphasized. A critical analysis of the present situation and the actual need of solving the concept of breeding and health of calves within the business and suprabusiness spheres is presented.
Key words: calves; concept of breeding and health; monitoring in calves
KOVÁČ, G., BLAŽOVSKÝ, J., MUDROŇ, P., KOVÁČ, M.:
Inflammatory diseases of the umbilicus in calves - diagnosis and prognosis.
Infection of the umbilicus and its parts with subsequent inflammatory disease commonly occurs in youngs of farm animals. It is of great importance especially in newborn calves. The object of the work was to give information on the present diagnostic methods for detection of diseases of the umbilicus, its parts and adjacent organs. Above all, we would like to show the possibilities of differential diagnosis of umbilical inflammations in calves on the basis of clinical examination as well as importance of the key application on the principle of the point system for making the right diagnosis.
Our results indicate a practical usability of the prognostic scheme as an auxiliary tool to keep out of non-economical treatment if umbilical inflammations in calves. We recommend our verified method to use in practice.
Key words: diseases in calves; diagnosis; prognosis
Physiological requirements for cat nutrition in various stages of the life cycle.
Nutritional requirements of cats for the amount and representation of individual nutrients are limited by physiological and metabolic specificities, especially at utilization of energy and gluconeogenesis. The higher demands for representation of proteins and amino acids are influenced by an inability of the adequate arginine synthesis and a high need of taurine. Requirements for vitamin supply are determined by an inability to transform beta-carotene to vitamin A as well as to change the amino acids of tryptophan to niacin. In cats, besides nutritio-physiological specificities, both the amount and representation of nutrients in the diet depend on the age and stage of the life cycle.
Key words: cats; nutritional requirements; metabolic processes; feed
Principles of practical nutrition and feeding of cats.
There is a prior demand for protein composition with balanced representation of energy, vitamins and specifically effective compounds in feed ration of cats. Our work summarizes the data on the nutrient requirement and way of cat nutrition in individual stages of the life cycle. The data may be used as an instruction at composition of a feed ration as well as at evaluation of animal feeding in connection to prevention of health impairments.
Key words: cats; nutritional requirements; feed
BROŠKOVÁ, M., TUREK, P., PIPOVÁ, M.:
Aeromonas species as a potential pathogen in foodstuffs.
Bacteria of the Aeromonas species are autochtonous inhabitants of aquatic environment. They have been isolated from water, animals, humans and various kinds of foodstuffs. The motile aeromonades have the prior importance in human infections as the potential agents of foodborn illness. Their role in the enteric infection in immunologically normal children and adults has not been fully explained. The mild to dysentery-like diarrhoes were recorded. The common occurrence of Aeromonas in red and poultry meat as well as its ability to grow at 4oC generally increases its importance as a potential pathogen in association with consumption of theses foodstuffs.
Key words: Aeromonas; taxanomy; occurrence; foodborn illness; gastrointestinal infections
BYSTRICKÝ, P., PETROVÁ, J., ŠALITROŠOVÁ, H., NAGY, J.:
Histamine as a parameter of the quality of imported fish meat.
In recent years, there has been an increased import of various kinds of sea fish and their products, sea shellfish and various animals. This is a cause of the problems to estimate their standard and hygienic quality. Statistical parameters indicate an increased consumption of fish meat as an irreplaceable food in every modern houshold. All the aspects mentioned here also bring increased demands for evaluation of the foodstuffs.
The fish musculature is a potential source of histamine. Therefore, it is necessary to take into consideration a potential risk and to ensure effective preventive measures. The histamine level gives, to a certain degree, a picture about examined raw material from the hygienic point of view and this enables to decide about the raw material already before its processing.
Key words: fish; fish meat; histamine
Parturition period in ewes and its experimental energetic fortification.
Energetic fortification of a feed ration in post partum ewes with one or two lambs was experimentally solved. Despite that an increased supply of energy ensured equable development and growth of lambs, above all twins, as well as a condition status of ewes (they did not lose their live body weight), some parameters of the energetic metabolic profile of the blood serum (glucose, triglycerides, total lipids) as well as a lower fat content in milk indicate to the potential status of proclinical ketosis. From the results it follows that it is necessary to deal with the problem, from the view point of quality and alternative changes in the basic feed ration as well as potential interactions between individual nutrients, macro- and microelements, vitamins, or other effective compounds of a feed ration during puerperium and lactation of sheep.
Key words: puerperium; energetic and protein metabolic profile; energetic fortification of nutrition; sheep
LEVKUT, M., LEVKUTOVÁ, M., LEŠNÍK, F., ŠEVČÍKOVÁ, Z., HORVÁTH, M., ŠVRČEK, Š.:
Dermal fibropapillomas in cattle - immunity and regression.
The work describes the progressive and regressive stages of dermal fibropapillomas in cattle induced by a papillomavirus. The progressive stage of growth was characterized by hyperplasia of the spinous layer (acanthosis), long papillomatous processes encroaching deeply into skin corium as well as by a high mitotic activity in the epidermal basal layer. The regressive stage (120 days later) was characterized by the thinner spinous layer, without long papillomatous processes, infiltration with macrophages and lymphocytes, above all, CD3-. Hyalinization of collagen in the skin fibropapillomas was typical for this stage.
The virus was proved immunohistochemically with the antibody against a group-specific antigen. The higher number of virus-positive keratinocytes was observed in the progressive stage of the growth in comparison with the regressive stage. Most of virus-positive cells in the spinous layer manifested some forms of dying, such as cell shrinkage and nucleic pyknosis that are typical for apoptosis. Sporadic cells participating in the mitotic cycle were immunohistochemically positive, which indicates to the transfer of viral particles also by the reproduction cycle. Some cells in the suprabasal and spinous layers manifested as cytoplasmic as nucleic positivity for the virus. Localization and histological structure accompanied with the immunohistochemical evidence of the virus in keratinocytes and fibroblasts expects the onset of BPV-2 tumors in these animals.
Key words: cattle; papillomatosis; fibropapilloma; progression; regression; immunohistochemistry
University of Veterinary Medicine at the beginning of a new term of office
(Univerzita veterinárskeho lekárstva na prahu nového funkčného obdobia) [65]
Monomicroelementary licks in prevention and therapy of deficient states
(Jednoprvkové mikroelementové lizy v prevencii a terapii karenčných stavov) [68]
Abortions in heifers and cows after embryonal transfer and artificial insemination
(Aborty u jalovíc a kráv po prenose embryí a po umelej inseminácii) [73]
Our experiences with combined therapy of glandular cystic hyperplasia - pyometra complex in bitches with prostaglandins
(Naše skúsenosti s kombinovanou liečbou glandulárnej cystickej hyperplazie - pyometry komplexu u súk prostaglandínmi) [79]
Relevance of the Q-fever incidence in the East Slovakian region
(Aktuálnosť výskytu Q horúčky vo východoslovenskom regióne) [83]
Ultrasonography in clinical practice of small animals I. USG of the digestive tract, liver, spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder and prostate
(Ultrasonografia v klinickej praxi malých zvierat I. USG tráviaceho traktu, pečene, sleziny, obličiek, močového mechúra a prostaty) [86]
Microbial contamination of housing dust sediment
(Mikrobiální kontaminace stájového prašného sedimentu) [91]
Fish products, the effect of a raw material and processing technology
(Výrobky z rybacieho mäsa, vplyv vstupnej suroviny a technológie spracovania) [96]
Residues of inhibitory substances in bee-honey
(Rezíduá inhibičných látok vo včelom mede) [103]
The pharmacogical influence of sheep helminthoses using Ivomec-Super injection
(Farmakologické ovplyvnenie helmintóz oviec injekčným prípravkom Ivomec-Super) [107]
The effect of probiotics application on the humoral immunity in calves
(Vplyv aplikácie probiotík na humorálnu imunitu teliat) [110]
Monomicroelementary licks in prevention and therapy of deficient states.
On the basis of a principle of instinctive looking for nutrients in animals, so-called deficient-nutritive allotriophagy, we have developed and introduced into production monomicroelementary licks (MML). They contain singly 6 microelements (Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Se and J) in their suitable salts (sulfates, carbonates, oxides). These microelements involve the whole scale of microelements in rational nutrition of farm animals.
TESTER - six single microelements colouredly differentiated - is given to animals for free instinctive choice. According to a degree of their consumption in TESTER, the deficient element can be judged.
Results of analyses of hair and excrements were in agreement with the free choice of elements in TESTER.
Biological efficiency or MML effect on the saturation of dairy cow organisms were tested in the herd of 400 dairy cows during 21 days.
Reproduction parameters in dairy cows were observed in the herd of 600 dairy cows during June to September.
In sheep - Merino spring female lambs (8 experimental and 8 control animals), the effect of MML on the amount of wool clip and content of wool fat was observed.
After MML application, an improvement in insemination occurred, an insemination index of heifers (first calvers and dairy cows) decreased, service period was shortened by 10 days as well as the period of interval decreased under 50 days. The most pronounced effect manifested in an increase in the number of dairy cows with the servis period to 60 days (from 73 heads to 120). After discontinuing the MML their status gradually aggravated.
In sheep, an increase in wool production occurred by 6% and wool fat content increased by 3.3% in comparison with the control group.
Our results show both the suitability and positive effect of autosupplementation of microelements in the form of MML a.u.v. on the health, production and reproduction status of ruminants.
Key words: microelements; dairy cow; sheep; deficient states
CHOMA, J., VALISKOVÁ, D., DÁVID, V.:
Abortions in heifers and cows after embryonal transfer and artificial insemination.
The levels of progesterone (P4) in milk of dairy cows were observed in connection with the abortion occurrence after successful embryonal transfer. As well, a frequency of abortions in other breedings of cows was evaluated. Radioimmunological assay in the water phase of milk from the samples taken after abortion showed that of 12 evaluated dams in 8 the P4 level was low and in 4 with complicated course of puerperium this level was increased above 1.6 nmol.l-1; three of these dairy cows were later slaughtered.
Four heifers (11.4%) of 35 pregnant ones after a year of systematic embryonal transfer aborted; all of them in the second half of pregnancy, and moreover, 2 calves (5.7%) were born dead. The number of abortions in cows in this enterprise after natural pregnancy was 22 from 490 animals (4.49%) and deadborn calves were 13 (2.65%). A laboratory virological examination was negative and bacteriologically only nonspecific microflora was diagnosed. In the population of next 2,007 cows there were 3.64% of abortions (from 1.69 to 5.19%) and 2.66% of stillborn partiritions (from 0.34 to 5.25%).
Based upon the results we conclude that the P4 levels were low in most of cows at the time of abortion. The increased levels in dairy cows were connected with complicated puerperium. The higher occurrence of abortions in heifers after embryonal transfer in comparison with the natural pregnancy in cows indicates the need to pay more attention to this problem.
Key words: dairy cow; heifer; abortion; embryonal transfer; artificial insemination; progesterone in milk
Our experiences with combined therapy of glandular cystic hyparplasia - pyometra complex in bitches with prostaglandins.
Bitches with glandular cystic hyperplasia - complex to the age of 5 years were in a relative good health status, without pronounced pains in the abdominal cavity with the number of leucocytes to 30.0 G.l-1, symptoms of pyometra and open uteral cervix. The USG finding was in a form of the coarse uterus wall. This status of patients can be effectively treated using a combined therapy with prostaglandins and wide-spectrum antibiotics administered to a maximum of 11 days and minimally 9 days in dependence on the discharge character from a reproductive tract. Elimination of the side effects of prostaglandins is possible by division of the daily dose into 2-3 partial doses at 2-3 hour fasting before administration of prostaglandins; immediately after their administration it is necessary to take a patients out on the open air.
Key wors: bitch; glandular cystic hyperplasia - pyometra complex; prostaglandins
JURČINA, A., KAPITANČIK, B., NAĎ, O., ŘEHÁČEK, J., KOCIÁNOVÁ, E., KOVÁČOVÁ, E.:
Relevance of a Q fever incidence in the East Slovakian region.
Q fever is still a topical infectious disease in our territory. Where, positive serological titres are found, there, it is necessary to take into consideration also the potential clinical disease. In animals, "coxiellosis" is of great importance and is connected with coxiella excretion by milk, feces, urine, amniotic fluid, placenta and aborted embryos. Their dispersion in the ecosystem and subsequent drying often leads to infection of workers in affected farms. Vaccination against coxiellosis solves the situation only partially. Milk from contaminated farms is necessary to pasteurize safely and to use it for processed cheese production. In this way, it is submitted to fermentation as well as the secondary pasteurization. This situation requires the control of animal transports.
Key words: sheep; cattle; Q fever; serological diagnostics; precautions; human diseases
ŠEVČÍK, A., jr., VALOCKÝ, I., LUKÁN, M.:
Ultrasonography in clinical practice of small animals I. USG of the digestive tract, liver, spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder and prostate.
The authors describe the possibilities of abdominal ultrasonography in small animals. In the first part of the study examination technique, preparation of a patient and indications for abdominal ultrasonography are dealt with. Their observations, completed with data from foreign sources, are described in detail focusing on sonographically well distinguishable organs: liver, kidneys, urinary bladder, prostate, spleen and digestive tract. Each of the above mentioned organs is depicted in its physiological form in the respective image of ultrasonography.
In addition to physiological condition individual organs, pathological findings and their differential diagnostics within the framework of sonography are described. A surrey of problems as well as the most frequent occurrence of pathological findings introduce ultrasonography and its possibilities both in the field and clinical practice in small animals.
Key words: dog; abdominal ultrasonography
Microbial contamination of housing dust sediment.
The numbers of microbial indicators of housing hygiene were observed in the dust sediment in houses for dairy cows and heifers with various housing technology as well as in rabbit breeding in the adapted four-row cowshed on the area of 1 cm2 per 24 hours. Indicators of exogenous microflora in the dust sediment of houses for dairy cows and heifers always showed higher numbers in comparison with rabbits in the adapted cowshed. Indicators of endogenous microflora did not show the trends of exogenous one so explicitly. The L- microbe detection was contrary to rabbit breeding in the adapted cowshed markedly lower in one house for heifers and in two ones for dairy cows. The L+ microbe detection was markedly lower in two houses for dairy cows; the higher one was only in two stables for heifers.
The highest values of L+ microbes were detected in the cowshed adapted for chicken fattening between days 28 and 35 of chicken life with a marked decrease till the end of fattening. The highest values of microbes on the MPA media were detected between days 35 and 42 of chicken life.
Key words: microbes; dust sediment; houses for dairy cows and heifers; cowshed - rabbit breeding; cowshed - chicken fattening
PETROVÁ, J., MÁTÉ, D., ŠALITROŠOVÁ, H., NAGY, J.:
Fish products, the effect of a raw material and processing technology.
KOVÁROVÁ, O., SÁSIK, M., TOPORČÁK, J., JEVINOVÁ, P.:
Residues of inhibitory substances in bee-honey.
118 samples of honey from the area managed by the State Veterinary Institute in Bratislava were examined by the microbiological diffuse method aimed at the evidence and minimalization of a higher natural antibacterial activity. The higher natural antibacterial activity was found out in 18.6% of samples, above all in honeydew ones. The antibacterial activity was decreased or entirely removed by heating the honey solution at the temperature of 70oC for 10 minutes.
During 1994-1995, the presence of inhibitory substances was found only in 2 cases of 187 examined samples.
Key words: honey; natural antibacterial activity; residues of inhibitory substances
ČORBA J., VÁRADY M., TOMAŠOVIČOVÁ O., PRASLIČKA J.:
The pharmacological influence of sheep helminthoses using Ivomec-Super injection.
The efficacy of Ivomec-Super against naturally acquired endoparasite infection and its safety were assessed in sheep under field conditions. The efficacy component of the trial included 50 non-lactating Merino ewes approximately 2 to 7 years of age and weighing 40 to 65 kg. Additionally 282 sheep of the same breed, age and weight range were used to evaluate the acceptability of the drug formulation. The animals naturally infected with gastrointestinal and lung worms and liver flukes were treated with Ivomec-Super given subcutaneously at 0.5 ml/25 kg body weight. Faecal samples were examined from the 50 animals included in the efficacy component of the trial on days 14 and 7 before and day 0 and 14 after application. Faecal strongylid eggs were reduced by 99.1%, Dictyocaulus filaria larvae by 100% and eggs Fasciola hepatica by 98.5%. No adverse reactions attributable to treatment were observed in any of the treated animals.
Key words: strongyles; Dictyocaulus filaria; Fasciola hepatica; ivermectin; clorsulon; ewes
NAĎ, P., BÍREŠOVÁ, M., BOMBA, A., SKALICKÁ, M., HERICH, R.:
The effect of probiotics application on the humoral immunity in calves.
The effect of a new-developed probiotic on the basis of lactobacilli on the humoral part of the immune system was observed in calves during the first weeks after their birth under field conditions.
No statistically significant differences in the contents of total proteins and immunoglobulins were found between the experimental (n = 12) and control (n = 14) groups. The values of absorbance of specific antibodies against OVA indicate to their more intensive formation in the experimental group compared to control one.
Application of a probiotic has got a stimulation effect, even if insignificantly, on the defensive system in calves. It has been proved besides an increased formation of specific antibodies against a model antigen, also by a decreased occurrence of diarrhoea in calf breeding.
Key words: calves; probiotics; immunity
Cosmic biology and veterinary medicine
(Kozmická biológia a veterinárna medicína) [125]
Epizootic and epidemiologic importance of toxoplasmosis
(Epizootologický a epideiologický význam toxoplazmóz) [127]
Differential diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and encephalitozoonosis
(Diferenciálna diagnostika toxoplazmózy a encefalitozoonózy) [130]
A manifesting form of encephalitozoonosis in rabbits of chinchilla breed
(Manifestačná forma encefalitozoonózy u králikov plemena činčila) [135]
Mycobacterial infections in pigs in large-scale rearing
(Mykobakteriální infekce prasat ve velkochovech) [138]
Chemical composition of selected body tissues of piglets at the increased fat supplementation of the food-rations of sows
(Chemická analýza svalu a pečene prasiatok pri zvýšenej dotácii tuku v diéte prasníc) [142]
Modification of secondary lignocellulosic feed resources
(Modifikácia druhotných lignocelulózových zdrojov krmív) [146]
Nitrogen cycle in the ruminant organisms
(Kolobeh dusíka v organizme prežúvavcov) [150]
Hypothyreosis and iodine deficiency in exotic birds
(Hypotyreóza a deficit jódu u exotických vtákov) [152]
Thyroid hormones in the homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus in sheep after parturition in out of season
(Úloha hormónov štítnej žľazy v homeostáze vápnika a fosforu po pôrodoch v mimosezónom období) [154]
In vitro induced sister chromatid exchanges after exposure to chloridazon in peripheral lymphocytes of cattle
(Zvýšenie sesterských chromatidových výmen po pôsobení chloridazonu na periférne lymfocyty hovädzieho dobytka in vitro) [159]
Niektoré aspekty využitia NMR (nukleárnej magnetickej rezonančnej spektroskopie) pre diagnostiku a výskum metabolických porúch kostrového svalu [162]
Modifikovaná precipitačná metóda na stanovenie stafylokokových enterotoxínov [166]
PLEVA, J., SOKOL, J., CABADAJ, R., SALADIOVÁ, D.:
Epizootic and epidemiologic importance of toxoplasmosis
The data on the toxoplasmosis incidence in people as well as the epizootic situation of this parasitosis in animals are analyzed.
In 1996 health organizations registered 515 cases of the disease, mostly with symptoms of lymphadenopathy. Seventy nine patiens gave in their anamnesis a contact with animals and only 4 % consumption of raw meat or milk. The disease occurred in all districts of Slovakia. Children and secondary pupils participated in it mostly.
During similar time period in Slovakia, only two focuses of toxoplasmosis were registered - ill goat and dog. 1,342 blood samples of various species of animals were serologically examined, of which 76 were positive (5.66 %).
Work of both services was not coordinated and therefore it is impossible to present results as a set. A need of a close cooperation of health and veterinary services also at toxoplasmosis eradication is indicated.
Key words: toxoplasmosis; agent resistance; decision about meat and milk
Differential diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and encephalitozoonosis
Toxoplasmosis and encephalitozonoosis are similar by their asymptomatic course, occasional onset of nerve symptoms and rare pneumonia occurrence. The etiological agents of both diseases are considered to be potential for abortions. The fact that they are better diagnosable in the acute stage of the disease is characteristic for both agents. In the predilecting organs of individual diseases the onset of a parasitoforming vacuole or tissue cyst can be observed. Encephalitozonoosis is characterized by chronic inflammatory changes, above all, in kidneys. It has not been explained how the organism reacts on the agent infection of both diseases simultaneously. Can the asymptomatic infection in toxoplasmosis break out after subsequent infection with an encephalitozoon, and on the contrary? These questions would be answered as in animals as human beings at the diagnosis of both diseases simultaneously. Toxoplasmosis is routinely diagnosticated in our coutry; on the other hand, encephalitozoonosis is within research in Slovakia.
Key words: differential diagnosis; toxoplasmosis; encephalitozoonosis; zoonoses
LEVKUT, M., LEŠNÍK, F., BÁLENT, P., KORIM, P., LEVKUTOVÁ, M., HIPÍKOVÁ, V.:
A manifesting form of encephalitozoonosis in rabbits of chinchilla breed
An unusual occurrence of encephalitozoonosis, clinical and patho-morphological changes are described in six rabbits of chinchilla breed. The disease occurred in the rabbits included into the experiment, in which leukemic changes after infection with bovine leukemic virus should be originally studied. Patho-morphologically, proliferating inflammatory changes in brain, lungs, liver, kidneys and lymph nodes and granulomas in the subcutis were found out. Encephalitozoon cuniculi was proved immunohistochemically in some lesions of affected organs. An onset of extensive lesions indicates to an impairment of the immune system. The bovine leukemic virus could be taken into consideration as a potential immunosupressor.
Key words: rabbits; encephalitozoonosis; clinical diagnosis; pathological morphology
PAVLAS, M., KOVAŘÍK, K., MAJER, Z., ZACHOVALOVÁ, A., ODLOŽILÍK, M.:
Mycobacterial infections in pigs in large-scale rearing
The study of tuberculosis incidence has revealed that pigs infected with virulent serotypes M. avium excreting avian mycobateria, especially by feces were a main active source of infection. These animals had a main portion in contamination of the stable environment and yards with the presented species of mycobacteria. The direct connection among this infection incidence in pigs and wild-living infected birds or domesticated poultry was proved in about 15 % of the rearings. Results achieved at the study of the M. intracellulare strain pathogenicity (serotype 8) testify to little virulence of these mycobacteria for pigs. It has been proved that pigs infected with M. intracellulare are not regularly active excretors of these mycobacteria into exterior environment. Elimination of all animals infected with M. avium was a necessary precondition of successful recovery. Serological examination of all reagents to Avitubal appeared to be the best tool for the evidence of these animals. The first precaution was a reliable asanation of stable environment. As well, preventive precautions preventing from environmental contamination by wild-living animals were an inevitable precondition to achieve the success.
Key words: mycobacterial infections in pigs; allegric reactions; serology
KNEŽO, J., MAGIC, D., MURÁNSKA, A.:
Chemical composition of selected body tissues of piglets at the increased fat supplementation of the food-ration of sows
The effect of diets with 4 and 6 % addition of rendered fat on the efficiency and health status was studied in 30 sows divided into 3 groups (control, I. and II. experimental).
The fat supplemented diets - complete feed mixtures for suckling sows (PKK), produced according to a special prescription, were fed in the period of high farrow (d 11 - 12 a.p.) and during lactation (35 days). In the control group the commercial feed mixture PKK was fed.
Results showed that the energetic value of fat-supplemented diets increased (13.22 and 13.69 MJ ME.kg-1vs 12.16 MJ ME.kg-1 in the commercial feed mixture).
The fat contents did not increase in the body of 1 - 2 day-old sucklings (musculature, liver) at fat addition ante partum. Contrariwise, in older 10 - 11 day-old sucklings the fat content in the musculature significantly increased (14.78; 17.63 and 20.03). It is a case of a direct correlation between the fat content in the diets, in colostrum and milk of sows, and in the musculature of sucklings. The greater body reserves of fat in sucklings as well as expected higher deposition of mobilizable fat shared specially in increased surviving of piglets to weaning, which leads to improved economical results of a farm.
Key words: fat addition to feed mixture of sows; chemical composition of musculature and liver; content of fatty acids of fat tissue of sucklings
ZELEŇÁK, I.:
Modifikation of secondary lignocellulosic feed resources
The effect of treatment of beech sawdust and secondary agricultural resources on their nutritive value and preparation of energy feed from waste water arising at wood processing is presented.
From the results it follows that defibration of beech sawdust and wheat straw, barley straw, corn stalks and bagassa by steaming at the high temperature and pressure increased their digestibility up to 60, 70, 80 and 50 %, respectively. It has been concluded that defibrated beech sawdust can replace meadow hay of middle quality in the ruminants rations up to 20 % of the dry matter. Xylocel was prepared from waste water arising during cellulose processing from beech wood by a sulphate method and wood molasses from waste water arising during the fibre board production from coniferous wood. Both substrates are convenient as a replacement of beet molasses in ruminant rations.
Key words: beech sawdust; defibration; lignocellulose materials; xylocel; saccharides; wood molasses; ruminant
MAGIC, D.Jr., CHANDOGA, P., MAGIC, D.:
Hypothyreosis and iodine deficiency in exotic birds
Hypothyroidism develops as a result of the deficit of thyroid hormones. According to the localization of pathological lession, primary hypothyreoidism (diseases of thyroid gland), secondary (deficit of TSH, produced by adenohypophysis) and tertiary hypothyreoidism (defect of secretion of thyreoliberine - TRH, produced by hypothalamus) are distinguished. Depression or total loss of follicles in the thyroid gland appears at primary hypothyreosis because of thyroitis or atrophy. Secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism are characterized by a coloid distension and destruction of epithelial tissue of the thyroid gland follicles.
Key words: hypothyreosis; iodine; exotic birds
BEKEOVÁ, E., KRAJNIČÁKOVÁ, M., HENDRICHOVSKÝ, V.:
Thyroid hormones in the homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus in sheep after parturition in out of season
Dependence of the serum Ca and P concentrations on changes in the T4 and T3 concentrations was investigated in ewes treated with preparations on the basis of oxytocin (Depotocin inj., Léčiva), LH-RH (Dirigestran inj., Léčiva) and FSH (Folicotropin inj., Léčiva). Significant changes between control and experimental groups were found on day 7 - 21 post partum. In control ewes, there was a decrease in T4 and T3; in the groups treated with Depotocin or Dirigestran a persisting increase in T4 was found at this time interval. Concentrations of T3 showed significantly higher values in all experimental groups compared with the control ewes. Changes in serum Ca and P corresponded to changes in concentrations of T4 and T3. While in control ewes there was a decrease in Ca between days 7 and 21, in Depotocin and Dirigestran-treated ewes its significant increase was found. Concentrations of P significantly increased only in Depotocin-treated ewes. Based upon our results, the changes in homeostasis of Ca and P are supposed to be one of the causes of inhibition of the sex activity during postpartal period and spring. Inhibition of secretion of T4 and T3, participating in its resorption from intestines and distribution in the organism, is likely a cause of changes in homeostasis of Ca and P.
Key words: ewes; puerperium; thyroxine; triiodothyronine; calcium; phosphorus
ŠIVIKOVÁ, K., BULECA, J., JR.:
In vitro induced sister chromatid exchanges after exposure to chloridazon in peripheral lymphocytes of cattle
The effect of in vitro exposure to chloridazon on the induction of increased sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) was studied in cow peripheral lymphocytes. A dose-dependence of the herbicide influence and increase in SCE frequencies were observed in all the tested concentrations. The statistically significant increase of SCEs was seen at the doses of 7 x 10-5 and 7 x 10-4 mol.l-1 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The lowest dose of chloridazon (7 x 10-6 mol.l-1) has no positive effect on the induction of chromatid exchanges.
Key words: sister chromatid exchanges; cow peripheral lymphocytes; chloridazon
Some parameters of humoral immunity (properdin, complement) were investigated in calves treated with glucan. Various doses (5 mg/kg and 10 + 10 mg/kg) were observed. The pronounced differences after the glucan application were observed in calves with low level of investigated parameters. The values of complement and properdin were modified owing to glucan toward to physiological values. The immunostimulate effect of the particular glucan (5 mg/kg) was confirmed. The level of complemnt and properdin was the highest on day 14. The higher dose (10 + 10 mg/kg) of particular glucan had no influence upon the investigated parameters. An increase in properdin level has been observed in some cases, but without significant differences between two groups (control and experiment). The alternation in complement level was found in the cases with low levels at the begining of experiment.
Key words: glucan; properdin; complement; calves
Our experiences concerning inhibition of paratuberculosis of cattle in Czech and Slovak republic during 1980 - 90 are presented. Experiences obtained in this period by both the radical and elimination methods of paratuberculosis inhibition are in connection with the present state of clinical and laboratory diagnostics. Prevention of the infection vehicle to healthy breedings by uncontrolled supply of apparently healthy animals is emphasized.
Key words: paratuberculosis; cattle; allergenodiagnostics; radical and eliminantion methods of paratuberculosis inhibition
Punctures of the cerebrospinal aqueduct in some animals may be involved into the special diagnostic methods. Our work shows the method of cerebrospinal fluid sampling in horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and cats. The sampling method is aimed especially at the postoccipital and lumbar puncture. In conclucion, the diagnostic utilization of the cerebrospinal fluid in cytological examination is emphasized.
Key wors: cerebrospinal fluid; punctures; house animals
Examination of feed, excrements and soil was carried out on two mink farms and one racoon farm. The aim was to determine the presence of salmonellae. The investigations were carried out for 2 years. Samples of the material examined were taken in summer and autumn. Examinations showed the presence of S. enteritidis, S. dublin and S. typhimurium in feed, excrements and soil. In addition to that the presence of S. agona was detected on the racoon farm. The results obtained indicate that the material examined on mink and racoon farms is a potential source of spreading of salmonella infection. The source of reinfection for these animals is the infected feed as well as animals themselves and the environment.
Key words: S.enteritidis; S.dublin; S.typhimurium; S.agona; fur animals; feed; environment
A brief review on the present knowledge about the risks following from the use of hormonal substances as the growth stimulators in animals producing foodstuffs is presented. The differences between the development in Europe and the USA concerning possibilities of using the hormonal substances in animal fattening and risk evaluation for a consumer are indicated. The effect of individual groups of hormonal substances and the present state of laboratory control of both the living animals and smples of biological material in Slovak republic are described. Prohibition of their use in the European Union and Slovak republic as well as precautions needed and important for the consumer protection are pointed out.
Key words: hormonal stimulators of growth; residues in foodstuffs; monitoring; concept of laboratory control
Anticoccidiostats used for preventive or therapeutical purposes must have a wide spectrum of efficacy and should be applied in the doses which do not allow the resistance arising. As well, however, they must not be toxic for animals, and in their organism they should metabolize fast to decrease the level of residues in animal foodstuffs to the minimum. Regarding the prolonged administration of anticoccidiostats to a large number of animals in breedings, above all, in poultry, it is necessary to observe keeping the protective time-limits, prescribed dosage and maximal residual limits for protection of the consumer's health.
Key words: coccidiosis; anticoccidiostats; detection methods; protective time-limits; maximal limits of residues
A good health status with balanced metabolic tests in experimental animals was reached after long-term supplementation of jodine. As well, improvement of meat quality occurred, which was confirmed by organoleptic tests. An increased incidence of thyreopathies, especially iodopenia in most farm animals indicates that recommended doses are insufficient for the present conditions.
Key words: thyreopathies; iodopenia; sensory evaluation
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a typical protozoan pathogen of laboratory animals. The disease induced by it has an asymptomatic course and therefore the serological examination is needed for detection of the parasite in living animals.
The dynamics of the production of specific haemolytic antibodies against E. cuniculi in infected rabbits was observed. Rabbits were experimentaly infected per rectum by a single dose of 5 x 107. ml-1 of the agent spores. Serum samples were examined on days 15, 30, 60, 120 and 150 after infection. The method of a simple radial hemolysis was used for the presence of antibodies. Results were compared with the negative group of rabbits.
Infected rabbits responded by production of antibodies already on day 15 after infection. Their level in the blood increased to day 60 after infection, when it culminated and then its gradual decrease occurred. The presence of antibodies against E. cuniculi was detected on day 150 after infection only in one animal. Our results indicate the importance of timeliness of detection of antibodies, because their highest level in the serum is found on about day 60 after infection.
Key words: rabbits; experimental infection; Encephalitozoon cuniculi; serological diagnosis
The possibilities of PCR typisation in six meat and meat product isolates and one reference strain ATCC 3626 of Clostridium perfringens were evaulated. By using a single pair of alpha, beta and epsilon primers, all six isolates were in type A, while the reference strain was confirmed as a type B.
For investigation, the method of Daube et al. (1994) was used. The experiments were performed within the cooperation of Veterinary faculty in Liege (Belgium) and Institute of Animal Physiology SAS in Kosice.
Key words: Clostridium perfringens; PCR; alpha, beta, epsilon toxins; meat
The method of diagnosis of scrapie in sheep is compared from the view point of the incidence of clinical symptoms in the manifesting stage of the disease with subsequent postmortal histological examination of the brain of infected animals (detection of altered protein PrPsc). The evidence of this protein in the spleen, peripheral lymph nodes, tonsils, placenta and macrophages gives possibility of using these methods for determination of invital preclinical diagnosis.
The prospect of the diagnostic method based upon the electrochemical analysis of the urine of infected animals is dicussed.
Key words: scrapie in sheep; transmissive spongioform encephalopathy; clinical, preclinical and postmortal diagnostics
Great attention has been paid to the problem of Listeria monocytogenes in foodstuffs as a potential health risk for people owing to the often occurrence of virulent and avirulent strains. The strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from foodstuffs change their virulence very much. Not each strains is pathogenic. Resposibility for pathogeneity of Listeria monocytogenes in contaminated fodstuffs depends on the minimal infectious dose, which is different in every person. The risk is not the same for all consumers. The mechanisms of pathogenesis and virulence, the factors of virulence of strains as well as immunity are shown in a complex survey.
Key words: Listeria monocytogenes; foodstuffs; pathogenesis; intracellular parasitosis; virulence factors; outer environment; immunity
In 1991-1996 56 tumors of the mammary gland in dogs of various breeds and age were examinated at the Department of surgery and then at the Department of pathological anatomy of the University of Veterinary Medicine in Košice. Our work is oriented patho-anatomically. As an introduction, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of tumors in general are reported.
At the histological study of neoplasmas, malignant tumors prevailed (62.50 %) over benign (37.50 %); and tumors of epithelial origin (82.14 %) prevailed over mesenchymal ones (17.86 %).
In our set of tumors, there were most often adenocarcinomas (cystic, papilliform and tubular), solid carcinoma; and from benign tumors it was tubular adenoma. On the contrary, the occurrence of trabecular, epidermoid and scirhotic carcinoma as well as myxofibroma, myxochondroma and myxosarcoma was recorded only in one case.
Key wors: dog; tumor; mammary gland
DNA (polynucleotides) vaccines elicit both the humoral and cellular immune responses in a variety model systems. Therefore they appear to be a useful method for immunization of humans and animals against infectious and noninfectious diseases including tumor diseases. A principle of the method resides in inoculation of plasmid DNA with required genetic information which secures synthesis of a competent antigen with appropriate production of specific abtibody. In the host cell, plasmid DNA persists episomally with no evidence of integration into the host genome. Vaccination can be made also by so-called microprojectiles of DNA with gold or wolfram particles, inhalation of an aerosol containg a complex of DNA and lipids, repectively.
Key words: DNA vaccines; polynucleotides; plasmid DNA; antigens; transfection; immunization; infectious diseases; tumor diseases
Ascaris suum nonembryonated eggs remained viable for the most part even after 42 days of ensilaging. At the end of the anaerobic fermentation, mean of damaged eggs was 15.2 +- 4.02 (min. 11, max. 21), 32.9 %. Conversely, the viability of Oesophagostomum spp. nonembryonated eggs and infective L3 larvae was reduced-eggs: mean number 23.6 +- 3.64 (min. 20, max. 28) specimens (93.3 %), L3 larvae: mean number 24.2 +- 4.38 (min. 19, max. 28! specimens (96.7 %), during the period of study (42 days). Control group of the same helminth propagative stages was kept under optimum aerobic conditions. After 42 days of exposition, 9.0 +- 3.46 (min. 5, max. 11) nonembryonated Ascaris suum eggs (12.09 %), 17.33 +- 2.51 (min. 15, max. 20 Oesophagostomum spp eggs (36.4 %) and 3.66 +- 1.15 (min 3, max. 5) Oesophagostomum spp. larvae L3 (6.3 %) were damaged on average. Helminth eggs, thick-walled and more resistant to the environment in particular, are able to survive the anaerobic process of ensilaging. To protect animals against parasitic diseases, it is necessary to consider the epidemiological hazard of silages and silage juices, which are potentially contaminated by helminth propagative stages. Silages and silage juices under certain conditions may become harmful to polygastric animals.
Key words: eggs and larvae of helminths; survival; ensilaging; epizootiology
Our work presents an instruction for examination of the horse with colic disease. Clinical changes, important for the diagnostics of colic diseases, are given in the record. Instructions are also available for clinical examination in practice. As well, laboratory and special examinations related to the diagnosis of colic in the horse are presented. A veterinarian may act upon this instruction at examination of the horse affected with colic directly in breeding, and to mark out the presence of symptoms important in diagnostics by a simple and fast way. The marked symptoms show to an unfavourable prognosis or need for surgical treatment. The diagnistic method will simplify, accelerate and give precision to both the diagnostics and therpay of colic diseases in horses.
Key words: horse; colic disease; diagnostics
Based upon the comparative experiments, experiences as well as literary data, it may be stated that the in vitro methods such as a rabies tissue-culture infectious test (RTCIT) for detection and titration of the rabies virus and a rapid fluorescence focus inhibitory test (RFFIT) for detection and quantification of antirabies antibodies are sensitive and suitable standard laboratory methodological procedures. Comparison with the in vivo methods performed on white mice has shown that they are equivalent methods or evn they have got more priorities, especially regarding the economical and ethical point of view.
Key words: rabies; laboratory diagnostics; rabies tissue-culture infectious test; rapid fluorescence focus inhibitory test; detection and quantification of antirabies antibodies
The effect of parenterally administered zinc on the morphology and survival of sperms of deeply frozen semen, processed by the Japanese method, from breeding SS bulls was evaluated. Zindep inj. a.u.v. (Biotika) preparation was single administered i. m. in a dose of 3 mg Zn .kg-1 b. w. The morphological analysis of thawed sperms using the light microscope revealed 32 % malformations in the experimental group. In the control group, there were 34 % malformations in semen after thawing (Tab. 1). Electronmicroscopically from the primary changes, especially those in the head shape were observed (in the shape of letter Y, U, L or other bizarre shape); and in the flagellum there were irregularities in arrangement of central and peripheral tubules (Figs. 1-4). From the secondary changes, it was most frequently tortuosity and vesicular disintegration of acrosome and cytoplasmic membrane (Fig. 5). At the survival evaluation of sperm after thawing at 38oC, higher values were recorded in the experimental group, above all, from 3 to 6 hours in comparison with the control group (Tab. 2). At 46oC, there was a higher percentage of active sperms during all time intervals observed (Tab. 3). A good tolerance and biological effect of Zindep inj., on the basis of elementary zinc and zinc oxide, on survival of sperms of deeply frozen semen from bulls was recorded without a more pronounced effect on the ocurrence of morphological malformations.
Key words: bull; zinc; deeply frozen semen; sperm morphology
Four different methods were used to isolate Salmonella typhimurium from leather germ-holders and the effectiveness of recovery of microorganisms was compared on two enrichment broths (Rappaport-Vassiliadis, selenite broth). Nutrient broth incubated at 37oC for 24 h was shown to be the pre-enrichment method of choice with enrichment in the Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth incubated at 43oC for 48 h (method A and B) and in the Selenite Broth incubated at 37oC for 48 h (method B and D). Each broth was subcultured onto two plating media: xylose-lysine desoxycholate agar (XLD) - method A and C, salmonella-shigella agar (SS) - method B and D. The tested Salmonella typhimurium microorganisms survived the longest - 117 days - at the methods C and D in which the selenite broth were used.
Key words: Salmonella spp.; detection; enrichment broths; plating media; solid fraction; germ-holders
We aimed at the determination of the LC50 value of the herbicide preparation BUREX EKO. In Paramecium caudatum its effective substance is chloridasone. Results were compared with those obtained in the tests for acute toxicity of the preparation BUREX EKO on selected species of water animals (Tubificidae, Daphnia magna and Poecilia reticulata Peters).
From the values of LC50 it follows that Tubificidae were the most sensitive to this insecticide (LC50 - 3.3 mg.l-1), then Poecilia reticulata Peters (LC50 - 4.4 mg.l-1), Paramecium caudatum (LC50 - 4.47 mg.l-1), and Daphnia magna were the least sensitive (LC50 - 7.16 mg.l-1).
Based upon our results it may be stated that Paramecium caudatum, like the other tested water animals, appears to be the species sufficiently sensitive to the negative effects of chemical substances and could be successfully used for testing the harmful effects of chemical substances or for idetification of water pollution.
Key words: water animals; Paramecium caudatum; Tubificidae; Daphnia magna; Poecilia reticulata Peters; BUREX EKO; LC50
The incidence of actinobacillary pleuoropneumonia in the large-scale breeding with 7,000 pigs in a closed herd turnover was studied. In the first half of 1995, weanlings from more breedings in Slovakia were bought by which the disease was introduced into the breeding. The first cases of the disease occurred in cage rearing and morbidity increased from 7.9 % in June to 14.1 % in July; the maximum of 44.6 % was in September. After a relative stabilization of the disease to December, when morbidity was 18.2 %, a further increase in morbidity up to 42.8 % occurred. During the observed period od 9 months, 705 weanlings died, which has caused a considerable economical losses in the pig farm. The diagnosis was made on teh basis of clkinical symptoms, patho-anatomical finding and isolation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae from the broncial axudate and pulmonary lesions.
Key words: pigs; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; dialysate leucocytic extract
Our work presents a survey on the occurrence of the serotype Salmonella enteritidis and other serotyps of salmonellas in poultry examined during 1994-96.
Experiences and results of other authors, concerning an increase in the occurrence of the serotype Salmonella enteritidis as in poultry breedings compared to previous years as in a relationship to other serotypes of salmonellas in the 90's, have been confirmed. This fact is also reflected in the occurrence of salmonella infections with contaminated foodstuffs in human population.
Key words: poultry; Salmonella enteritidis; serotypes
Regarding the biotope, which is inhabited by chamois game, it is necessary to prevent from diseases than to treat them. Reduction of the number of canine carnivores, above all foxes, wandering dogs and cats that are terminal hosts of worms, belongs among the first precautions at the treatment of cysticercosis.
Shooting of ill individuals within selective-regulation hunting is the second precaution. Very important precaution appears to be the liquidation of offals after shooting not only of chamois game but also other cloven-hoofed game living in the area of the National Park.
Treatment with medical salt is not very effective and long-term administered small amounts of effective compounds getting from salt into the body could lead to arising of a resistance of helmiths against drugs.
Administration of drugs in feeds in winter season, especially of widespectrum antiparasitic premix Cermix containing ivermektin against mature and larval stages of the most important ectoparasites and endoparasites, can be considered more effective. In the localities with occurence of fascioliasis and hypodermatosis, it is necessary to use Refendazol premix containing rafoxanide and mebendazole, however, an interval of 28 days between applications has to be kept.
Key words: Alpine chamois; helmintho-fauna; selective-regulative shooting; therapy of endo and ectoparasites
The work deals with the effect of propionic acid on the production parameters of broilers inoculated with Aspergillus flavus spores (106.ml-1).
Table 1 shows that there were the most pronounced differences in weight gain at the end of the experiment in the group 2 (chicks inoculated with Aspergillus flavus spores; weight gain were lower by 11.6 %) in comparison with the control group.
The second phase of fattening appeared to be a critical period (d 24-56), when the highest death-rate was recorded in the group 2 (16.7 %). During the whole experiment, there were following death-rates: group 1 - 1.7 %, group 2 - 15.0 %, group 3 - 0.0 % and group 4 - 5.0 %.
The best results were reached in the group 3. Feed conversion, in comparison with the group 1, was by 7.4 % higher. Despite the fact that the data on feed consumption and conversion are positive in the group 2, it is necessary to take into consideration that these results were affected with worsening of the health status (diarrhea, inapetance), when chickens refuse to take feeds.
Our results indicate to the positive effect of propionic acid in a relationship to the parameters of broiler chickens efficiency.
Key words: chickens; propionic acid; Aspergillus flavus; feed conversion
Adsorption properties of two natural sorbents - zeolite and bentonite were observed and compared to the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of pig slurry. During 14 days experiment, a significant decrease in the concentration of ammonia, nitrogenous compounds and phosphorus as well as total organic pollution was recorded. Both sorbents contributed to better sedimentation of suspended particles and to reduction of bad odour. Results indicate to the use of sorbents already in the initial phases of the treatment of pig excrements.
Key words: pig slurry; zeolite; bentonite; physico-chemical parameters
Changes in the content of tylosin and oxytetracycline during hoeny storage were observed at the laboratory temperature. The presence of drugs was proved using the microbiological diffuse methods. Tylosin in honey is highly stable antibacterial substance and during the observed period, its content changed only slightly. Oxytetracycline persisted in honey for a shorter period than tylosine, but the inhibitory zone of 1.5 mm was found also after seven months.
Key words: honey; residues; tylosine; oxytetracycline
The problem of ethological and psychological relationships between man and dog is discussed. A topical relevance of this problem is given by disharmony between man and nature on the human and subhuman level. Ethology plays a key role in bridging over this. The ethological relationships between man and dog have characteristics of evolution, domestication as well as phylogenetic and biological specificities in the man behaviour. The psychological relationships between man and dog are already determined by the human mentality, personality, intellect as well as by higher forms of the dog behaviour, such as perceptive-cognitive intelligence, learning, empathy. In both discussed approaches we can speak about direct and positive correlations on the interspecies level, which emphasizes the idea about social altruism between man and dog.
Key words: ethology; psychology; relationships man - dog
The effect of aflatoxin B1 on formation of specific antibodies was inbävestiagted on the model antigen; total proteins, total immunoglobulins, serum albumin and specific antibodies against BSA were evaluated. The immunosuppressive effect of the toxin has manifested in all the given parameters. Statistically significant differences were recorded in formation of specific antibodies against BSA, total proteins and total immunoglubulins in the 4th week of the experiment on the significance level of P < 0.05. Our results coincide with more studies on the effect of mycotoxins on the humoral component of the immune system of the organism.
Key words: poultry; aflatoxin B; humoral immunity
The Ouchterlony's method (1948) was modified for differentiation of individual kinds of meat alone as well as at processing into its products. The meat samples from poultry and some final products of poultry origin were used in the experiments. Marked sharp zones of the antigen-antibody clash were reached by this method, which is a precondition for similar reactions also with other kinds of meat. Antigen was isolated from the serum of a rabbit after immunization, and antibodies were obtained by extraction from the meat or final product samples.
Key words: meat products; antigen; antibody; identification of meat species
Possibilities of using the histochemistry of enzymes in veterinary pathology are discussed. The role of the enzyme histochemistry is to determine their localization in tissues, cells and cellular organelles. Determination of their activity is possible by the semiquantitative, densitometric methods as well as by the method of the image analysis. Of course, possibilities are wider than we present them, e.g. in nephropathology, myopathology, oncology, toxicology, etc.
Both the light and electron microscopy map the state of tissues and cells in the stages of initial or developed pathological process. By means of histochemistry, it is possible to catch already primordial changes in the organism after which immediately follow pathological changes in cells and tissues.
Key words: veterinary pathology; histochemistry of enzymes; diagnostics