CORBA, J., VARADY, M., PRASLICKA, J., TOMASOVICOVA, O., KONIGOVA, A.:
The present status of anthelmintic resistance in domestic animals in Slovak republic.
In the experiment on sheep, goats and horses, the presence of anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal nematodes was studied. At a survey of larger flocks of sheep (totally 75 farms, species Merino, Tsigaya and Valaska) the benzimidazole-resistance was found on 7 farms, but in other 58 flocks the levels ascertained, were close to the reference values. Experimentally we confirmed the presence of levamizole and tetramisole resistance in Ostertagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. in domestic flocks of sheep. For the first time on a world-scale the transcontinental transfer of polyresistant isolates of gastrointestinal nematodes of Angora goats imported to Slovakia from the New Zealand was observed. We confirmed that the effective doses of anthelmintics, recommended for sheep, should be at least twice as high for goats, because the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of drugs is different in sheep and in goats. We started the survey of the anthelmintic resistance in horses and on both farms the presence of benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles was confirmed. The efficacy of recommended doses of mebendazole and fenbendazole was only 31.7 and 83.5%, respectively. It is necessary to prepare the effective legislation for protection of the territory of different states against an introduction of resistant isolates by the import of animals from abroad.
Key words: anthelmintic resistance; gastrointestinal nematodes; sheep; goats; horses
The data on the occurrence of listeriosis in human population as well as epizootic situation of this zoonosis in individual animal species in SR are analyzed.
A direct relationship between the disease in animals and people was proved neither in one case; the alimentary way of transmission is rare.
Regarding the fact that listeriosis in people has an inapparent course, a lot od cases can be passed unnoticed. Statistical data are misrepresented by the generally known sensitivity of listeria on the wide spectrum of antibiotics.
Key words: listeriosis; morbidity in people and animals; decision on meat and milk
In addition to application of the molecular-genetic methods for a more precise laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases, these methods are also employed for a diagnostic analysis of the epizootiological complexes of viral infections. The most popular methodological approach in this field is based on the application of PCR, rapid sequencing of nucleic acids and computer-assisted phylogenetic analysis. Basic principles and different application of phylogenetic analysis of viral genome at the genetic level for study of epizootiological problems are presented, e.g. to study the relationship between different outbreaks, determination of the origin of viral strains, discrimination of vaccine and epizootiological strains, discovery of new viruses and viral genotypes.
Key words: PCR; polymerase chain reaction; sequencing of nucleic acid; PHYLIP; phylogeny; phylogenetic tree; epizootiology
The aim of the work was to give a survey og the growth and development of the follicles on the cow ovaries as well as the factors participating in this proces. A limited understanding of the control mechanisms of the follucular development, oocyte maturation and ovulation are the primary cause of variable results of the superovulation reaction as well as a small number of the washed out, mature fertilized oocytes. Two steps in folluculogenesis are differentiated: so-called basal without the presence of gonadotropins and so-called tonic, where gonadotropins are inevitably needed. The first growth wave after recruiment of a groups of follicles is characterized by selection of one dominant follicle that continues in its growth, while the group of recruited but unselected follicles undergoes atresia.
Explanation of the effect of a lot of growth factors IGF-I, FGF, inhibins, oxytocins), immunological hormones (interleukins, thyumosins, cytokinins, tumor-necrotizing factor), follicular-binding proteins (folistatin, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, heparin-binding growth factor) may offer a complex view on the events connected with selection, growth and ovulation of follicles.
Key words: development of ovarian follicles; steroid hormones; growth factors; oocytes; embryos
In 1991-1996 114 skin tumors in dogs of various breeds and age categories were examined at the Department of pathological anatomy University of Veterinary Medicine in Košice.
The work deals with the clinical and patho-anatomical picture as well as therapy of most often observed cutaneous tumors.
(52.63%) that prevailed over malign ones (47.37%) and tumors of epithelial origin (64.91%) over mesenchymal (35.09%).
In a set of tumors, there were most often epidermoid carcinoma, adenoma, papilloma, fibroma and fibrosarcoma.
Key words: cutaneous carcinoma; dog; clinical and patho-anatomical picture
A critical view on the present and perspectives of swine breeding in Slovakia from the view point of a research institute is presented.
The work evaluates efficiency of pork production and compares results in home breeds with imported ones evaluated in improving breedings, where home breeds reach good results.
Potential risks of the import are analyzed; the author emphasizes the need for molecular genetics at creation of new types of swines.
Key wors: swine; hybridizing programme; import risks
In the 78 km long part of 2 streams - significant from the view point of survival of the otter (Lutra lutra) - Studený potok (20 km) and Orava (58 km) - 21 specimens of the otter excrements were collected on 28.2.1996 and 1.3.1996 for determination of cadmium, lead and mercury as a toxicologically significant elements whose excessive concentration may negetively affect the numerousness and general vitality of the population of this jeopardized and in more regions of Europe extincted animal species. Based upon comparison of our and foreign results it may be stated that contamination of the environment of the otter in the observed territory represents at present a relatively low risk of the influence of the mentioned heavy metals as a factor jeopardizing the otter population. At the same time our results showed the irregularity of contamination of the otter excrements in different localities and space tendency of totlly decreasing concentration of all the heavy metals observed in a case of the Studený potok in the direction from the source to the mouth, as well as a potential connection between registered sources of heavy metals occurring by the stream Orava and high concentration of the one-which heavy metal in the otter excrement in the vicinity of the localieties observed.
Key words: otter (Lutra lutra); content of cadmium, mercury and lead in feces
The history of a beaver (Castor fiber) in Slovakia and its reintroduction into the original biotopes is described. The work gives information on its natural reintroduction into autochtonous biotopes in the west and east Slovakian regions during 1977-1998 due to their migration from the neighbouring countries (Austria and Poland).
Protection of beavers will require monitoring of their spreading, determination of the research strategy and proposal for practical management.
Key words: castoridae; beaver (Castor fiber); reintroduction; species diversity of fauna
The end of this century and millennium motivates man, as a representative of Homo sapiens, to balance his existence and coexistence with a natural community on this planet. A veterinarian in this process is an optimal catalyzer on the philosophical, psychosocial and ethic levels. His professional mission, in the form of protection of animals, as well as indirectly man, and general care for them, gives him a functional space in this process and at the same time it obliges him to be an active part in it. By this position, a veterinarian through self-realization, self-acceptation participates pronouncedly in the global life changes, existence of living organisms and the whole nature on the Earth.
Key words: nature; man and animal; ethology; philosophy; psychology; ethics
Microscopic and submicroscopic picture of individual parts of the testes in stallions castrated in winter months with marked hypozinkemia caused by zinc deficiency in feeds (oat, hay) was studied. The zonc deficiency caused degenerative changes in spermatogenic cells after meiosis, their depletion and cumulation in the lumen of seminiferous tubuli. The increased occurrence of malformed spermatids indicated to an impaired course of spermatogenesis. Degenration of Leydig's cells has not been observed. Their microscopic and submicroscopic picture testifies to the inhibition of steroidogenesis that is physiological for winter season. Zinc has been confirmed to be an indispensable element for a normal course of spermatogenesis.
Key words: testes of stallions; morphological structure, zinc
The effect of phase nutrition of calves on the development of their ruminal fermentation within the week dynamics until weaning has been observed.
A good level of ruminal fermentation was characterized by the values of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the ruminal content, ranging from 80.02 mmol.l-1 in week 6 to 106.20 mmol.l-1 in week 9 of life, with a statistically significant increase (P < 0.001) in weeks 7 and 8. The molar concentration portions of acetic and propionic acids insignificantly increased and those of butyric acid significantly (P < 0.01) decreased in week 9 of age. The enzymatic activity of alpha-amylase and Cx cellulase of the ruminal content of calves in the transformation period from milk to green nutrition increased with calves aging. The level of the alpha-amylase activity ranged within 3.87-5.6 nkat.ml-1.
A significant increase was recorded in weeks 7 and 8 of life (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). The cellulase activity of the ruminal content was found in the range of 1.6-3.6, with a significant increase of Cxcellulase in weeks 8 (P < 0.01) and 9 (P < 0.001). Our reuslts indicate a positive effect of phase nutrition at feeding the acidified milk drink on the development of ruminal metabolism.
Key words: milk nutrition; green nutrition; calves; ruminal metabolism; enzymatic activity of microflora
On the basis of our own experiences and sufficient number of literature information about encephalitozoonosis we suggest that laboratory animals especially rabbits should be examined on the Encephalitozoon cuniculi presence before their arrangement into laboratory animals breeding or in biological experiments. Moreover, besides economically important losses, the disease may cause deformation of experimental results too. Contemporary legislation doesn't assign obligation of laboratory animals examination on encephalitozoonosis. Breeding stations should be obliged to declare the noninfectious status also at encephalitozoonosis.
Key words: encephalitozoonosis; legislation
A commercially available computer automated semen analysis instrument (Hamilton Thorn Research motility analyzer, Beverly, MA, USA) was used for evaluation of spermatozoa motility parameters in rams. Target of the study was to determine the time-dependent changes (immediately after refrosting of ejaculate - Time 0, and after 60 minutes - Time 60) in the percentage of motile spermatozoa, percentage of spermatozoa with progressive motility, path velocity and straightness of spermatozoa motility.
A decrease in the percentage of motile sprematozoa after an incubation for 60 minutes from 63.14 to 52.33% is reported. The percentage of spermatozoa with progressive motility decreases from 10.43% (Time 0) to 6.67% (Time 60). Path velocity as well as straightness of spermatozoa motility had similar values in both time periods. In comparison of the ram spermatozoa motility parameters, time-dependent statistically insignificant decrease is reported.
Key words: ram; spermatozoa; motility; time; CASA