JACKOVÁ, S., KANTÍKOVÁ, M., BÜCHLEROVÁ, Z., HLINKA, D., BORSUKOVÁ O.:
The incidence of Salmonellae in foodstuffs and raw materials of animal origin in Slovakia during 1999 with regard to the development in recent 6 years.
The situation in the incidence of Salmonellae in foodstuffs and raw materials of plant and animal origin, including slaughter animals of home production and imported, was evaluated. The data were evaluated from those obtained from the state veterinary institutes in SR, State health institute in Banská Bystrica and private laboratory Microlab. The year 1999 was completely evaluated; 63,277 samples were examined for the presence of Salmonellae of which the positivity was found in 106 samples of animal origin (0.17 %). Of Salmonellae, the most frequent was S. enteritidis - in 59 samples, especially in foodstuffs and raw materials of animal origin (56 % of the number of all Salmonellae), the second most frequent was S. derby (10.38 %). At phagotypization of S. enteritidis 22 strains were classified to the phagotype 8; 18 to phagotype 4, the other phagotypes were 1 and 21. According to the kind of foodstuffs and raw materials, Salmonellae were found out most in poultry (chickens) with the predominance of S. enteritidis; in the import samples the higher number of serotypes was found. The highest numbers of Salmonellae were in June and July.
During 1994-1999 the average incidence of Salmonellae in foodstuffs and raw materials of animal origin was 0.19 %; since 1999 a decrease or stagnation has been manifested in the number of isolations. In the observed years, most Salmonellae were isolated in poultry and poultry products (2.56 %) and in eggs and egg products (0.81 %) with the predominance of S. enteritidis; its percentage is 37.15 % of the entire number of Salmonellae within the observed years. At phagotypization, most of isolated strains of S. enteritidis were included to the phagotype 8.
Key words: Salmonellae; S. enteritidis; foodstuffs and raw materials; phagotypes
Conclusions of scientific events in the world indicate more urgently to the problem of alimentary diseases. The main interest of foodstuff microbiologists is aimed at the study of pathogens in foodstuffs such as Sallmonellae, Listeria, enteropathogenic coliform bacteria as well as campylobacteria.
In a lot of countries in the close future, campylobacterioses are expected to overgrow the problem of salmonelloses.
Infection of a lot of animals affected with campylobacteria may manifests also in the clinical form, even if its incidence is on a very low level.
Statistics of many health services indicate increasing numbers of patients with diagnosis of campylobacteriosis. Their number in SR has range already for several years on the borderline of a thousand per year. Records show only those who look round for medical aid. The patients with latent forms are supposed to be at least double.
These facts prompt the veterinary diagnostic facilities to solve the analyzed problem in a close co-operation with health service. As well, our analyses emphasis the need to make hygienic regime more strict, especially at exenteration of killed poultry.
Key words: Campylobacter; campylobacterioses; diarrhea; Helicobacter pylori
Negative action of agrochemicals (pesticides, industrial or phosphate fertilizers in a relationship to cadmium and nitrogenous compounds) is analyzed as the potential risk substances in agro-systems regarding the health, including especially tumour diseases. Lots of the used agrochemicals can act not only toxically but also genotoxically and subsequently after cumulative somatic mutation carcinogenically.
Key words: eco-system; agrochemicals; risk substances; pesticides; carcinogenity; bio-transformation; fertilization; nitrates; nitrites; nitrosoamine; cadmium; arsenic
Pharmacologically active substances and drugs used in animal production can, under certain conditions, potencionally hazard production of good quality, biologically full-valuable and health harmless raw material and foodstuffs of animal origin. Drugs used in food production are widespread and the most frequent are penicillins. Monitoring of the drug and requirement of suitable method selection appears to be necessary, in case of their overlimited occurrence in accordance with legislation requirements.
Residues of penicillins in milk of dairy cows after treatment of mastitis belong to the most frequent findings (Tab. 1, 2).
In comparison with bioanalytical methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has a higher specificity and gives a real possibility to simultaneous detection analyzed substances and their metabolites. Therefore HPLC is an ideal comparative method to microbiological methods and it represents an important part of the activity in the service of veterinary hygienic supervision.
Key words: residues; drugs; antibiotics; high performance liquid chromatography
Acupuncture and acupuncture similar therapy requires the acupuncturic diagnostics. The acupuncturic diagnostics, in principle, is similar to the conventional diagnostics. This uses, above all, physical methods, i.e. anamnesis, adspection, auscultation and palpation. The special emphasis in acupuncture diagnostics is laid on the widened anamnesis and special kind of palpation examination, i.e. examination of coincident (Shu) and alarm (Mu) points on the body surface of the animal. An important part of palpation is also palpation of individual meridians. At the final making of acupuncture diagnosis, it is necessary to identify the noxa and pathogenesis according to 5 principles, pathogen factors. Qi and blood, meridians, five elements as well as according to the principle of Tsang Fu organs.
Key words: veterinary acupuncture; physical examination of animal; diagnostics by the acupuncturic technique; pulse diagnostics
The regularities and possibilities of imprinting foal breeding have been observed. In the first part, the theoretical principles of imprinting method are elaborated, including the carrying rules "imprinting training" and theoretical-methodological approaches.
In the second experimental part, the project of training as well as the first applied imprinting approaches are summarized in four foals.
It may be stated that due to the results and experience obtained, a suitable space for continuation of next planned stages of the whole experimental complex has been created. The first knowledge confirm the demands of the problem, which is insufficient in the professional literature.
The significance of imprinting for healthy physiological, ethological and psycho-social development of horses is, however, without any doubt. We have to remember the fact that the role of man also in this case indicates his breeding as well as ethic obligation to this thoroughbred animal. The all experiment with its evaluation is expected to be presented 3 years later.
Key words: foal; early ontogenesis; imprinting periods; imprinting techniques; ethograms; breeding
The possibility of PCR detection of Listeria monocytogenes in various foodstuffs (milk and cheese) shows a way of specific, effective and rapid diagnostics of L. monocytogenes contamination in food - control laboratories. This method is useful as a possibility to differentiate nonhemolysed strains of Listeria monocytogenes from nonpathogenic L. innocua with the same results of biochemical and serological typisation (serotype 4ab).
For PCR detection we used two pairs of primers (PRFA and LIP) with affinity to prf A gene. As a result we gained 1060 bp product in the first step of PCR and 273 bp in nested PCR. The modified method of Simon et al. (1996) was used for investigation. The work was carried out within the 5. FW project "Validation and standartisation of diagnostic PCR for detection of foodborne pathogens" in the Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences.
Key words: Listeria monocytogenes; PCR; foodstuffs; nonhemolytic strains of L. monocytogenes; Listeria innocua
In the Slovak republic during the years 1996-1999, 26,113 blood samples of sheep and 4,312 of goats were examined serologically by the method of a complement-binding reaction. The occurrence of antibodies against Chlamydia psittaci in sheep and goats according to individual years was following: 1996 - 6.37 %/3.94 %; 1997 - 9.25 %/10.02 %; 1998 - 9.57 %/2.96 %; 1999 - 7.91 %/3.69 %, respectively. In most clinically healthy animals, the low levels of antibodies in dilution of 1:20-40 were detected. In sheep during the years of 1996, 1998 and 1999 the high levels of antibodies 1:160-1:1280 were caught that unambiguously testify to the chlamydial abortion in sheep. In goats, the high titres were caught in 1997-1:640, which also confirm the chlamydial aetiology of the infectious process. Regarding the relative favourable epizootological situation in chlamydioses of sheep and goats and the fact that detection of low levels of antibodies does not testify to the clinical disease and that antibodies could be in such dilutions non-specific, we recommend to consider the titre of 1:64 and higher to be a limit of the positivity.
As well, we recommend to monitor serologically the ewes after parturition or abortion at the intervals of 0, 14 and 28 days, above all, in selection breedings.
Key words: sheep; goats; Chlamydia psittaci; complement-binding antibodies