ČORBA J., VÁRADY M., KÖNIGOVÁ A.:
The anthelmintic resistance: The actual situation in Slovakia.
In years 1991-2000 a survey of the incidence of anthelmintic resistant strains of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep, goats and horses in the Slovak Republic was carried out.
In 75 sheep farms (Merino, Tsigaia and Valaska) the benzimidazole resistance was confirmed in 7 flocks but in further 58 flocks the determined values were close to the reference value (0.1 µg.ml-1 TBZ). Also the resistance against imidazothiazole drugs (tetramisole, levamisole) was observed in one farm. The first intercontinental transfer of resistant gastrointestinal nematodes was confirmed in angora goats imported to Slovakia from the New Zealand. We studied also the role of free-living small ruminants at spreading the anthelmintic resistance in sheep on pasture. Totally 37 herds of horses were examined on the presence of gastrointestinal nematodes. The most common were Strongyloidea (65.5 %), but also Parascaris equorum (9 %) and Strongyloides westeri (0.13 %) were found. In all the examined horses the small strongyles (Cyathostominae) was confirmed. Using the coprological culture methods the following species were identified: Cyathostomum spp., Gyalocephalus capitatus, Poteriostomum spp. and Cylicostephamus spp. In 16 horse farms (64 %) the fenbendazole resistant small strongyles were confirmed. Our results prove that anthelmintic resistance in Slovakia territory is wide-spread and special precautions are necessary against further spreading of this phenomena mainly by import of animals from affected countries.
Key words: anthelmintic resistance; gastrointestinal nematodes; sheep; goats; horses
The effectiveness of various assay tests for milk samples from individual dairy cows were examined in our experiment. Milk samples (n = 108) were taken from dairy cows receiving the antibiotic treatment with intramammary infusion of Ampiclox L.C.susp. alone and in combination with a single injection of Norocillin L.A.inj. Sampling started before the treatment and continued every 12 hours after beginning the treatment until all the residue tests showed a negative result for the presence of antibiotics.
Antibiotic residues were detected by Bacillus stearotermophilus var.calidolactis disc assay (BsDA), four plate microbiological disc assay and by on-farm screening test Delvotest SP.
The most sensitive strain to penicillin residues was Bacillus stearotermophillus var. calidolactis and there was no significant difference between BsDA and Delvotest SP.
Key words: Delvotest SP; BsDA; antibiotic treatment
A feeding comparative trial on 30 fattening pigs divided into 3 groups (meat crosses; castrated males to females 1:1) with the starting live weight 23.4 (1st group), 25.0 (2nd group) and 25.7 kg (3rd group) was carried out. Three feed mixtures for the pig fattening (KKZ 1, KKZ 2, KKZ 3) were used, which consisted of the plant compounds and the feeding additives of vitamins, minerals and amino acids, lysine, methionine and threonine (Lys, Met, Tre) (Biotika a.s., Slovenská Ľupča). The contents of nitrogenous compounds were 141.12, 139.94 and 140.00 g.kg-1, the contents of metabolizing energy were 13.0, 12.83 and 12.76 MJ.kg-1, and the contents of Lys 7.09, 8.33 and 9.11 g.kg-1. The proportions of Tre : Lys, and Met + Cys : Lys was equal in each of the experimental feed mixtures. The weight gain were measured once a month. The experiment ran until the average slaughter weight of 111.5 (1st group), 108.05 (2nd group) and 119.05 kg (3rd group) was obtained. Thereafter, the evaluation of the quality of 29 carcasses of the fattening pigs was performed by the evaluation system EUROP. The representation of qualitative categories E and U was following 55.56 % (1st group), 60 % (2nd group) and 60 % (3rd group). As far as the economic point of view is concerned, the best results were achieved at the variant of feed mixture KKZ 3 with the average body weight gain of 0.860 kg.day-1 at the feed consumption of 3.07 kg of feed mixture per 1 kg of the body weight gain and the feed cost 18.17 Sk.
Key words: feeding comparative trial; slaughter product quality; EUROP systém; essential amino acids; lysine
The influence of various egg set weight on the weight of embryos of ROSS 208 chicken hybrid and their hatchability was monitored. The influence was observable only from the day 18 of incubation. Up to that day the weights among groups did not differ significantly. We recorded a relation between the weight of an egg set and that of an embryo. The heaviest chickens were hatched from the egg set of 65,0 ± 0,5 g. The highest hatchability was recorded for the incubation of 60,0 ± 0,5 g weight egg set.
Key words: weight; egg; chicken; hatchability
The effectiveness of both the disinfectant and detergent Dusept and disinfectant Desana was evaluated. The evaluated disinfectants were made on the base of chlorine. The disinfectants were evaluated by three different methods for the microflora of pasteurised bold-faced milk with prolonged durability. At testing the disinfectant Dusept on the microflora of pasteurised milk we determined that at the concentration of 2% and 10 minutes of its action, the milk microflora grew, but after 20 minutes of exposure and the same concentration, the microflora did not grow. The testing of the disinfectant Desana revealed that at the concentration of 0.5% the microorganisms grew unlimitedly. At the concentration of 2.5% the disinfectant has a lethal effect only after its prolonged action (24 hrs) at the temperature of 30oC. The 5% concentration of the disinfectant ensured liquidation of the milk microorganisms only after its prolonged action (24 hrs) at the temperature of 30oC. The sporadic growth of the milk microorganisms was registered after 10 minutes of exposure and 5% concentration.
Key words: effectiveness of disinfection; Dusept; Desana; milk, bacteria
Theoretical bases of the test of social dominance according to Campbell are described. The aim of the work was to attract attention to the need of exact understanding of the dogs' social behaviour during their ontogenesis. The links of these facts consist in prediction of the social dominance in adult dogs from their early ontogenesis as well as in the precondition of their social adaptation in the new breeding environment. At the same time, this contributes to the reduction of the risks of abnormal forms of behaviour and behavioural problems in a relationship man - dog. In the presented study, the basic questions of social behaviour of dogs, the test method as well as discussion are worked out. The presented test actualizes a more pronounced penetration of applied ethology into the veterinary medicine and practice. As well, it creates the space for research perspectives in this unitary testing approach of social behaviour in dogs.
Key words: dog; ethology; social behaviour; social dominance; Campbell's test
Changes in the quality of the muscle tissue originating as a result of stress have been described in beef and pork for a long period of time. In this article the authors are interested in the changes in the muscle tissue of turkeys in which the characteristics strongly resemble changes in PSE and DFD levels in pork and beef livestock. The results of biochemical examination of collected samples of changed muscle tissue of turkeys in comparison to those of turkeys without changes, confirm that the changes presented are connected with marked differences in the metabolism of muscle-tissue glycogen. The hypothesis that the stress factors which bring about changes in the quality of muscle tissue of turkeys are comparable to changes in the muscle tissue of swine and beef cattle is in accord with the test results.
Key words: turkey; stress; PSE and DFD meat; clinical and laboratory finding
Comparison of the presence and distribution of the NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) positive nerve structures was examined in the spleen of rabbit and pheasant.
The histochemical method has been used for visualization of neuronal NADPH-d positivity. The presence of neuronal NADPH-d positivity shows the specific sides of nitric oxide (NO), being considered to be an important neuromodulator. We have demonstrated the presence of NADPH-d positive nerve fibres and nerve cells in the spleen. Visualized nerve fibres in both cases entered the spleen at its hilum in the vicinity of the splenic artery branches and were gradually distributed in the perivascular topography in the white pulp of the spleen, reaching the central artery. They were not present in the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS), neither in the red pulp and in the splenic capsule. The NADPH-d positive nerve cells were visualized only in the spleen of the pheasant. They were polygonal in shape, connected with the nerve fibres and they occurred as solitary or numerous cells, forming ganglia in the splenic hilum.
The microscopic findings of NADPH-d positive nerve structures in the spleen of the rabbit and pheasant suggest the utilization of NO in this organ. Periarterial localization of the nerve structures referred to a possibility of the NO to participate as neuromodulator in the regulation of arterial motility in the spleen. These results suggest the species specific differences in the presence of NADPH-d positive nerve structures in the spleen.
Key words: spleen; nerve structures; NADPH-d; rabbit, pheasant
The presence of polyphosphates is regularly observed in meat products, which are intended for certification, as well as in some tins of meat type Luncheon meat. The total amount of phosphorus is detected spectrophotometrically (after wetashing mineralization) and the protein content using the autoanalyzer Kjeltec. Based upon these values, the amount of added phosphate is calculated. The content of total phosphorus in meat products was exceeded in 15% of samples and ranged according to the protein content in a sample. As well, a low addition of polyphosphates manifests by an elevated content of phosphorus.
Key words: meat product; total phosphorus; polyphosphates; protein content